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History > China Theme 4 - Social and Cultural Change > Flashcards

China Theme 4 - Social and Cultural Change Flashcards

1
Q

What were women’s ‘Three Obediences’?

A

Father; Husband; Son

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2
Q

What was Mao’s famous quote about the equal importance of women?

A

‘Women hold up half the sky’

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3
Q

When was foot binding officially banned, despite its continued practice in China?

A

1911

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4
Q

What did Delia Devin identify as a further source of oppression for Chinese wives?

A

Presence of mother-in-laws in the home.

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5
Q

How did marriage pre-1949 serve to oppress women?

A

Teen girls married off and subservient to husband.
Treated as husband’s property.
Bride’s family to suffer financial burden of dowries.

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6
Q

Outline the articles of the New Marriage Law.

A

Legal equality for women.
Child marriage forbidden.
Women have to willingly consent to marriages - no coercion.

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7
Q

When was the New Marriage Law?

A

1950

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8
Q

How did Mao describe the impact of the New Marriage Law?

A

‘This democratic marriage system has burst the feudal shackles.

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9
Q

What percentage of brides were 16-17 years old, 1946-49?

A

19%

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10
Q

What percentage of brides were 16-17 years old, 1958-65?

A

2%

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11
Q

What percentage of marriages were arranged late 1940s?

A

31%

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12
Q

What percentage of marriages were arranged, 1966-76?

A

under 1%

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13
Q

1.4 million what were filed and when? (women)

A

Divorces - 1953

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14
Q

How did cadres not help the New Marriage Law?

A

Many who held traditional views simply refused to uphold the law in their regions.

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15
Q

Which regions of China was the New Marriage Law not accepted?

A

Muslim regions such as Xinjiang - lives largely unchanged.

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16
Q

When was the New Marriage Law’s second launch and why?

A

1953 - lack of popular acceptance

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17
Q

How did Mao describe women in 1955?

A

‘A vast reserve of labour power’ that must be ‘tapped in the struggle to build a great socialist society’

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18
Q

How were women described in Communes who matched male productivity?

A

‘Iron women’

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19
Q

Give two examples of poor conditions in Commune kindergartens.

A

Daxing - children slept on the floor.
Beijing - 90% children ill

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20
Q

Why did communal canteens serve to benefit men?

A

Food was prioritised for them as they needed strength to work harder.

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21
Q

How did women suffer due to the Work Points system?

A

They could only earn 80% of what the men could due to physical limitations of labour.

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22
Q

Why did women still do domestic jobs in GLF despite promised liberation?

A

They had a lower earning power than men so in families they were forced to sacrifice paid work for domestic labour

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23
Q

How did pregnant women suffer in GLF?

A

Often miscarried due to intensive labour

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24
Q

How did Dikotter describe rape during the GLF?

A

“Rape spread like a contagion through a diseased moral landscape”

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25
Q

How were women exploited in Hunan province?

A

Factory bosses would force them to work naked

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26
Q

How big was the Women’s Association?

A

76 million members.
40,000 staff.
83 cities.

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27
Q

How did the Women’s Association provide educational opportunities for women?

A

Taught agricultural skills, politics and literacy.

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28
Q

How did William Hinton describe women at ‘speak bitterness’ meetings encouraged by TWA?

A

“women had as many if not more grievances than the men”

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29
Q

How did the CR show improved opportunities for women?

A

Wore same Maoist uniforms.
Led Red Guard groups.
Song Binbin

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30
Q

What % of cadres were women 1958-66?

A

10%

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31
Q

What % of cadres were women 1970-74?

A

20%

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32
Q

Who was Song Qing-ling and what were her complaints?

A

Vice Chairman of PRC 1959.
Felt she was never taken seriously by male peers in politics.

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33
Q

How did Jiang Qing evidence increased yet limited opportunities for women?

A

Grew immense power in CRG.
Yet still referred to as Madame Mao showing husbands importance in her status.

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34
Q

Outline female literacy rates in the 1930s.

A

2% schooled, with 1% literate

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35
Q

Outline male literacy rates in the 1930s.

A

45% schooled, with 30% literate

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36
Q

How did the % of rural girls completing primary education change 1949-59?

A

38% to 100%

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37
Q

What PLA programme in 1949 shows limited improvements for women?

A

Unmarried female students enlisted to send to Xinjiang and marry soldiers stationed there - prevented them marrying non-Han women.

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38
Q

How were female PLA members treated when they returned home?

A

Forced back into domestic labour.

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39
Q

How did collectivisation as a concept prevent gender equality?

A

Forbade any ownership of land; this was previously considered a key to equality.

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40
Q

How did Gail Hershatter described the oppression of peasant women?

A

They were “doubly marginalised by virtue of both location and gender.”

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41
Q

How did Mao describe education in 1927?

A

“Education has always been the exclusive preserve of the landlords”

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42
Q

What were children’s literacy rates immediately post-Civil War?

A

Male - 30%
Female - 1%

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43
Q

When were imperial exams abolished?

A

1905

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44
Q

What % of university students studied humanities pre-1949?

A

59%

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45
Q

What % of university students studied natural sciences, engineering, or agriculture pre-1949?

A

24%

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46
Q

How did primary school enrolment change 1949-57?

A

From 26 million to 64 million

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47
Q

What were run by the people schools called in Chinese villages?

A

Min-pan

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48
Q

How many people attended winter schools in 1952?

A

42 million

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49
Q

What did the Higher Education Minister admit about education rates in 1958 post-reform?

A

78% illiteracy
52% primary school attendance

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50
Q

When was pinyin introduced and what was it?

A

1955
Standardised written alphabet

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51
Q

How did university enrolments change 1949-58?

A

x4 - 117,000 to 441,000

52
Q

600 what taught in Chinese universities 1949-58?

A

Russians

53
Q

How many Chinese students trained in Russia by 1959/

A

38,000

54
Q

How many polytechnics were created and what did this lead to by 1953?

A

20
By 1953, 63% of all students studying engineering, medicine, or agriculture.

55
Q

Why was educational reform not entirely successful by 1958?

A

Universities and middle schools retained a formal admissions process - system still elitist

56
Q

How did a new communist elite arise in China by 1958?

A

New university graduates now aspired to prestigious roles in the Party

57
Q

What did the 1958 ‘Directive on Education Work’ do?

A

Added manual labour to the curriculum and abolished the Ministry of Higher Education

58
Q

How many schools and students were there by 1960?

A

30,000 schools - 1 per commune
2.9 million students

59
Q

Why did the GLF impact education?

A

Policies such as backyard furnaces became a priority over schooling for many

60
Q

Why did an urban/rural divide arise in education during GLF?

A

Rural - from primary school to agricultural middle schools.
Cities - kindergarten to university (elitist system)

61
Q

Which schools in cities had best funding during GLF? How did this create a new elite?

A

‘Key Point’ schools - places were often taken by children of cadres

62
Q

What did Mao say in 1964 about education?

A

“At present there is too much studying going on, and this is exceedingly harmful.”

63
Q

What did the Socialist Education Campaign do?

A

School admissions now based on politics and class background.
Marxism taught in schools

64
Q

What document made the Cultural Revolution’s main task educational reform?

A

May 1966, ‘Decision on the Cultural Revolution’

65
Q

What happened to schools/universities during CR?

A

Shut down so students could attend rallies.
Teachers attacked at struggle meetings.

65
Q

What campaign during the CR aimed to re-educate the Red Guards? How many involved?

A

‘Up to the mountains and down to the villages’
18 million

66
Q

How did the Red Guards come to be known as due to their sense of abandonment and dissillusionment?

A

China’s ‘lost generation’

67
Q

By 1956, what % of state budget had healthcare spending never reached?

A

2.6%

68
Q

What were Patriotic Health Campaigns?
What was their impact?

A

Teams sent into countryside to educate peasants on basic hygiene.
Smallpox, cholera, and plague eliminated.

69
Q

How did the state reduce drug addicts?

A

Terror campaigns on drug suppliers

70
Q

How many western hospitals did the state fund during GLF?

A

800

71
Q

How did the number of trained doctors change 1949-65?

A

From 40,000 to 150,000.

72
Q

How many new doctors a year were there by 1960s?

A

25,000

73
Q

How did life expectancy change 1949-57?

A

From 36 years to 57 years

74
Q

How much did literacy rates increase 1949-76?

A

From 20% to 70%

75
Q

Why was the barefoot doctors campaign necessary in rural areas?

A

The best hospitals were in cities - rural areas had minimal expertise

76
Q

What did Jung Chang reveal about the training received by Barefoot Doctors?

A

Only given a rudimentary Barefoot Doctor’s Manual

77
Q

What did Jung Chang believe the main goal of the Barefoot Doctors campaign was?

A

Propaganda by Mao to suggest he was further saving China

78
Q

How many barefoot doctors were there by 1973?

A

over 1 million

79
Q

What were midwifery conditions like in rural areas and what did this inspire?

A

Prenatal examinations rare and sterile equipment unseen.
Women’s Federation launched new campaign

80
Q

What were midwifery conditions like in Fujian?

A

Cow dung was commonly used to dress umbilical cords.

81
Q

What were infant mortality rates at the start of the PRC?

A

38%

82
Q

How the work of TWF help during Collectivisation?

A

Midwifery stations established - fertility rose and infant mortality declined

83
Q

How did Mao describe art and culture?

A

“There is no such thing as art…that is independent from politics.”
Art should further “the proletarian revolutionary cause.”

84
Q

What did Mao name Jiang Qing in relation to culture?

A

Cultural Tsarina

85
Q

How did the power of the Central Cultural Revolution Group grow?

A

It came to rival the Politburo and had control over the PLA

86
Q

What did Jiang Qing mainly control in terms of culture?

A

The theatre - she vetted all performances for evidence of revisionist content
“Make it revolutionary or ban it”

87
Q

What was the main target of JQ’s cultural vetting/

A

Opera due to its bourgeois stories and superstitions

88
Q

How many performances did Jiang Qing permit?

A

8 Model Plays

89
Q

Give two examples of plays approved by Jiang Qing.

A

Red Detachment of Women
Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy

90
Q

How did Deng Xiaoping criticise the Chinese culture created by Jiang Qing?

A

People go to the theatre to relax “and find yourself in a battlefield…not a trace of art”

91
Q

What happened to radios during CR?

A

Broadcasts so boring and propaganda heavy - radio sets sold for a 1/4 of original price

92
Q

How did Michael Lynch describe China due to Jiang Qing’s influence?

A

“An artisitically barren wasteland”

93
Q

How many total Christians in China pre-1949?

A

4 million

94
Q

How did the PRC initially approach Confucianism and traditional customs?

A

All public ceremonies ended 1949, temples and shrines converted to museums

95
Q

What happened in Shandong during CR?

A

200 Red Guards attacked the Confucius Temple there

96
Q

What campaign attacked Confucianism during CR?

A

‘Criticise Confucius Campaign’ launched by CRG to divert opposition to Lin Biao

97
Q

How did the regime replace Confucianism and ancestor worship?

A

Mao worship came to replace it - ‘Long Live the People’s Government’
Stories of liberation told rather than old folktales

98
Q

When and what did National Memorial Day?

A

1966 - replaced Ch’ing Ming festival

99
Q

What evidence suggests Confucian and traditional habits weren’t suppressed?

A

Some cadres continued to carry holy symbols

100
Q

When was the NPCC and what happened?

A

September 1949 - Protestant, Buddhist and Muslim representatives invited

101
Q

What department was created to destroy power of Christianity in China?

A

January 1951 - Religious Affairs Department

102
Q

What was the ‘Patriotic Church Movement’?

A

Protestant church leaders pressured into joining - preached loyalties to CCP and Mao

103
Q

What was the ‘three-self’ movement?

A

Self-ruling
Self-supporting
Self-propagating
Enforced total loyalties to regime through Protestant Church Movement

104
Q

Was Patriotic Church Movement successful?

A

Not really - congregations low, with many choosing to practice more privately; Vatican denied their legitimacy

105
Q

How did number of Protestant missionaries change 1949-52?

A

1949 - 3000
1952 - under 100

106
Q

How did the CCP attack Catholicism?

A

Catholic schools attacked as centres of ‘cultural aggression’; Catholics subjected to surveillance and struggle meetings

107
Q

How did number of Catholic missionaries change 1951-53?

A

3222 to just 364

108
Q

How many Catholics jailed in 1955?

A

1,500 - for imperialist and non-communist crimes

109
Q

What had ultimately happened to Christianity by 1976?

A

Public worship had effectively stopped

110
Q

How did the CCP initially attack Islam - how did this backfire?

A

Would seize mosques and convert to barns - Islamic followers would fight back though, with a battle in Gansu leading to 1000 deaths

111
Q

How did the CCP respond to Islamic unrest?

A

Created Islamic Association of China to encourage official co-operation

112
Q

When was Xinjiang made an Autonomous Region, what did this promise?

A

October 1955 - promised ‘peaceful liberation’

113
Q

How did GLF attack Islam?

A

Land redistributed; worshipping time reduced for extra labour

114
Q

How did the CCP influence Xinjiang?

A

Compelled Muslim children to leave mosques for govt. schools - taught Marxism

115
Q

How did the CCP deal with Imams?

A

They held true authority, so they were subjected to ‘thought reform’ by CCP

116
Q

How was Islam attacked during CR?

A

Mosque attacks renewed; leaders tortured; Muslims forced to eat pork

117
Q

How effectively did the PRC suppress Islam overall?

A

Islam survived, with mosques staying open and continued practice today

118
Q

Why was Buddhism an important yet easier target for the CCP?

A

The Dalai Lama’s power in Tibet rivalled Mao’s yet Buddhism far less organised.

119
Q

What was the Chinese Buddhist Association?

A

1953, established to control Buddhism, much like Patriotic Churches

120
Q

How did the Agrarian Reform Law attack buddhism?

A

Buddhist lands redistributed

121
Q

What happened to Buddhism during Korean War?

A

‘Resist America, Aid Korea’ - thought reform and temples converted to barracks

122
Q

What happened in the Tibet reunification campaign?

A

60,000 resisted the PLA attacks, yet by Novemer 1950, PLA had occupied Lhasa

123
Q

When and what was the mass migration of Han Chinese into Tibet?

A

November 1952 - Mao wanted to raise population of Tibet by 7 million by diluting cultural identity

124
Q

What happened to Buddhism during GLF?

A

Monks converted to physical labourers; forced into communes; temple lands used as communes

125
Q

When did the Dalai Lama flee into exile?

A

1959

126
Q

What happened to Buddhism during CR?

A

Denounced as a ‘Four Old’ - monasteries burned, relics destroyed, monks attacked
Generation of Buddhists effectively wiped out

History (19 decks)

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