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Zoology > Chordata > Flashcards

Chordata Flashcards

1
Q

Chordata

A

Defined by “The Big Four”

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2
Q

The Big Four characteristics

A

Notochord
Post anal tail
Dorsal nerve cord
Pharyngeal pouches

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3
Q

3 sub-phyla of Chordata

A

Chephalochordata
Urochordata
Vertebrata

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4
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Big four present throughout life
Common name: amphioxious/lancelets
Name indicates notochord (chordata) projects towards the head (cephalo-)

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5
Q

Urochordata

A

Big four present ONLY IN LARVAE
Adults lose all of these characters and have very unique biology
Common name: tunicates/sea squirts
Name indicates notochord (-chordata) projects towards the tail

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6
Q

Vertebrata

A

Big four are ALL PRESENT AT SOME DEVELOPMENTAL POINT
may be retained as adults and/or heavily modified
Name derives from the bong or cartilaginous vertebrae that cover the nerve cord

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7
Q

Vertebrates sub-divided into two super classes based on _____

A

Jaws

Agnatha+ Gnathostomata

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8
Q

Agnatha

A

Lack jaws
Name literally means without jaws
Most are extinct, only a few species (~60) survive today

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9
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Have jaws
Name literally means jawed mouth
-will break down into classes

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10
Q

Agnatha (detail)

The FIRST VERTEBRATES are called ____

A

First vertebrates are called Ostracoderms and are all extinct

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11
Q

Ostracoderms (first vertebrates)

A

Jawless
First seen in Paleozoic era ~500mya
Prior to jawed forms developing, there was great diversity among these jawless fish
Very few speeches of jawless fish are living today : lampreys and hagfish

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12
Q

Living Agnatha

A

Lamprey + hagfish

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13
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Pharyngeal pouches are modified in many ways

Basic scheme: pouches-blood vessels-fills muscles and lastly jaws from the first pharyngeal pouch

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14
Q

Placoderms

A

Three jawed forms are found at about the same time in the PALEOZOIC ERA
The FIRST JAWED VERTEBRATES
are the placoderms ~420mya
2013 details of a missing link uniting bony fish, cartilage fish, and placoderms was published

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15
Q

Placoderms cont..

A

Some placoderms fossils have been found that are extremely large in genus DUNKLEOSTEUS (extinct)
These heavily armored monsters are called Arthrodires

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16
Q

Chondrichthyes

A 
Means cartilage fish
Paleozoic era ~380mya
Lack a swim bladder
Ancient forms look similar to modern
Recently found fossil unites ALL jawed fish on the basis of marginal dermal bones of the jaw
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17
Q

Osteichthyes - Acanthodian Fish

A

Means bony fish
3 major groups of bony fishes emerge beginning in the Paleozoic era
All have a swim bladder
The first group of bony fish are called Acanthodian Fish extinct ~390 mya

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18
Q

Osteichthyes - Actinopterygii

A 
Means ray finned
Rays are long pointed bones found in the fins of these bony fish
Have you been "finned" by a fish?
It was the rays you felt 
Rays present in all fins
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19
Q

Types of Ray Finned Fish- Chondrostean Fish

A

Ancient ray finned fish are seen as primitive both in physiology and anatomy
Called chondrostean fish, there are a few living today: gars and sturgeons
Can be from Paleozoic era
Living forms are equally primitive

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20
Q

Types of Ray Finned Fish - Teleost Fish

A

Modern ray Finned Fish= teleost are seen as advance both in anatomy and physiology
The main advancement is a bony covering the gills called an operculum
96% of Fish living today are teleost fish
By the Mesozoic era modern ray Finned Fish were present

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21
Q

Teleosts or Modern Ray Finned Fish examples

A

Red Snapper + Large Mouth Bass

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22
Q

Osteichthyes - Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe Finned Fish
Lack rays in their fins
Swim bladder is continuous with the mouth
Based on vertebral anatomy, lobe Finned Fish called Rhipidistian (extinct) are directly related to amphibians

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23
Q

Living fossil the Coelacanth

A

Very similar to ancient Rhipidistian fish (extinct)

Rediscovered in 1938

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24
Q

Age of Fish

A 
Jawless fish (Agnatha) in Paleozoic (furthest time away) and 3 groups of jawed fish (Placoderms¥, Osteichthyes, & Chondrichthyes) appear in the fossil record
Both jawless and jawed fish are related but the transition to jaws is unknown. Recent discoveries among the placoderms have found a common ancestor uniting all jawed fish. All of these jawless and jawed fish were incredibly diverse during the furthest Paleozoic era
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25
Q

Transition to Amphibia

A

Amphibia are directly related to Love Finned Fish called Rhipsidistian Fish ¥
This relationship is based one the 1) swim bladder being continuous with the mouth; 2) vertebral development
Knowledge of soft anatomy comes from the living fossil Coelacanth

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26
Q

Amphibia

A

Means dual life
First amphibian called Ichthyostega¥
These fist amphibians were seen in the Paleozoic Era ~365mya

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27
Q

Paleozoic Amphibia were very diverse

A

More than 30 different orders of Paleozoic amphibians have been described from fossils

28
Q

Modern Amphibia

A

Modern amphibians are related to the Paleozoic forms but the transitional forms are rare
Salamanders are the most primitive while frogs are the most advanced
3 orders are living today
Their ancestors are recognizable as “modern” in the Mesozoic era

29
Q

Modern Amphibians

A

Frogs- Anura (no tail)
Salamanders - Caudata (tailed)
Caecilians - Apoda (no feet)

30
Q

Age of amphibians

A

In the portion of the Paleozoic Era nearest us in time, lobe Finned Fish made the transition to terrestrial existence. These organisms are termed Amphibia for this dual life and quickly dominated the terrestrial biosphere

31
Q

Age of Amphibians cont.

A

There are more than 30 distinct orders of Paleozoic Amphibians in the fossil record plus the ancestors to modern amphibians
All these amphibians = Age of Amphibia in the Paleozoic Era

32
Q

Transition to Reptilian

A

As the Mesozoic Era began, the climate became drier
Two major changes occur leading to the reptiles: 1) the vertebral column changes 2) amnion
The fossil record shows the vertebral changed clearly while the emergence of the amnion is unclear

33
Q

Reptilia

A

Means to creep
Different from amphibians in their vertebral anatomy. That transition is seen in the fossil record
The more important feature however, is the amnion. The amnion allows reproduction away from water. Fossil eggs are very rare and the transition is unknown

34
Q

Amniotes

A

Amniotes = those with an amnion
This allows reproduction away from a water source as the water needed for development is within the egg
Reptilia + Aves + Mammalia

35
Q

Anamniotes

A

Those without an amnion
These organisms must reproduce in water such that their young develop in water. Ostacoderms and living Agnatha + Placoderms, Osteichthyes, Chindrichthyes & Amphibia

36
Q

Reptilia

A

Defining feature of reptiles is the amnion
The FIRST REPTILES are the COTYLOSAURS
The term means stem lizard
Reptiles, mammals, and birds are all derived from these Cotylosaurs
This is the earliest fossil of a definitively amniotic form, eggs are known

37
Q

Reptiles diversify

A

From the cotylosaurs three groups of reptiles emerge based on temporal fenestra

38
Q

3 groups of reptiles emerged

A

Synapsids, diapsids, & Anapsids

39
Q

Synapsids

A

Lead to mammals (one hole)

40
Q

Diapsids

A

Include modern reptiles, dinosaurs, crocodiles and primitive birds
(Two holes)

41
Q

Anapsids

A

Lead to turtles

42
Q

Synapsids reptiles ¥

A

First reptile lineage to diversify from Cotylosaurs
These synapsids had teeth in sockets and only one pair temporal fenestra
Only mammals today have teeth in sockets (thecodont dentition) and one pair of temporal fenestra

43
Q

Diapsid Reptiles

A

Diverged from Cotylosaurs second and quickly became a very large group
Dialskds have two psi temporal fenestra
There are two groups of Diapsids based on skin

44
Q

Two groups of diapsids based on skin

A

Archosauria and Lepidosauria

45
Q

Archosauria

A

Smooth skin

Includes dinosaurs, crocodiles and the ancestors of birds

46
Q

Lepidosauria

A

Scaly skin

Include modern reptiles

47
Q

Archosauria- primitive lizards

A

Archosauria have smooth skin
NOT scaly
Include dinosaurs, crocodiles, and alligators, as well as the ancestors to birds

48
Q

The ancestors of birds

A

Origins of birds among the Saurishia. A classic transitional form was found in the late 1800s called Archaeopteryx. If it weren’t for the fossil impression of feathers, it would be though of as a dinosaur. Development of flight is hypothesized to have begun as leaping from heights to attack prey.

49
Q

Lepidosauria- Scaly Lizards

A

Lepidosaurs have scaly skin and are contemporaries of the dinosaurs
Snakes, lizards, and tuatara are living lepidosaurs.
Transitional forms leading from primitive forms are known for lizards and tuatara but not for snakes

50
Q

Anapsid reptiles

A

Anpasids lack temporal fenestra
Relationships is the modern turtles to the primitive Anapsids are unclear
Things that look like turtles were present 200 mya and looked modern 100 mya

51
Q

Age of reptiles

A

Reptiles have their origins in the Paleozoic Era as the climate became much drier. This change in climate forced the emergence of the amnion so that animals could reproduce away from water as the necessary water was contained in the egg
Many lineages of reptiles were seen: Cotylosaurs, synapsids, diapsids including the Archosaurs and Lepidosaurs and the Anapsids
All of the diversity present in Mesozoic Era = age of reptiles

52
Q

Aves- Birds

A 
Birds are diapsid Archosaurian reptiles
They have several features that have elevated them to class status: keel, lacking teeth and tails, hollow bones, and feathers (there are dinos w/weathers too
53
Q

Mammalia

A 
Mammals are synapsids reptiles that have several unique features that elevate them to class status: mammary glands to nourish young, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair
The transition to forms with mammary glands is unknown but mammals were present in the Mesozoic Era. The FIRST MAMMAL is called PROTOTHERIA ¥
54
Q

Age of Mammals

A

Something wiped the dinos out 65 mya. These events paved the way for mammals and birds to dominate terrestrial vertebrates. The croc/alligators, modern lepidosaurs, and modern Amphibia also survived the transition into the Cenozoic Era as well as many invertebrates
Currently there are 5416 species of mammals recognized and the Cenozoic Era = Abe of Mammals
There are over 10,000 species of birds recognized, but being mammals we are likely biased

55
Q

Mammalia - modern mammals

A

Modern mammals are directly related to the Protorheria ¥. Extinction of the dinos led to the diversity of mammals in the Cenozoic Era. There are three groups of modern mammals based on birthing strategy

56
Q

Three groups of mammals based on birthing strategy

A

Monotremata- lay eggs
Marsupialia-give live birth but the young develop in a pouch
Placentalia- have much longer gestation periods and give live birth to much more developed young

57
Q

Order Chiroptera

A

Bats (placental)

58
Q

Order primata

A

Lemurs, monkeys, and man (placental)

59
Q

Order Xenarthra

A

Armadillos (placental)

60
Q

Order Lagomorpha

A

Rabbits (placental)

61
Q

Order Cetacea

A

Whales and Dolphins (placental)

62
Q

Order rodentia

A

Squirrels, mice, and rats (placental)

63
Q

Order Carnivora

A

Cats, dogs, and bears (placental)

64
Q

Order Proboscidea

A

Elephants

65
Q

Order Perrispdactyla (odd toed)

A

Horses, zebra, and rhino

66
Q

Order Artiodactyla (even toed)

A

Pigs, camels, goats, sheep, deer, cattle, and hippos

Zoology (1 decks)

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