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Lecture with Librarian > Chromosomes,Alleles,and Loci My notes > Flashcards

Chromosomes,Alleles,and Loci My notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

blood cells, skin cells, muscle cells

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2
Q

What is a gamete?

A

reproductive cells, sex cells, egg, and sperm

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3
Q

What is a gamete as opposed to a somatic cell?
A.reproductive cells
B. Sex cells
C.egg
D.Sperm
E. muscle cells
F.skin cells
G.blood cells

A

reproductive cells, sex cells, egg, and sperm

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4
Q

Which of the following are somatic cells as opposed to gametes? Select all that apply
A.muscle cells
B. skin cells
C.blood cells
D. sex cells
E. reproductive cells
F.egg
G. sperm

A

muscle cells, skin cells, blood cells

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5
Q

What does diploid mean?

A. each chromosome has a pair
B.each chromosome is unpaired

A

each chromsomome has a pair

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6
Q

How many chromosomes do diploid cells have?

A

46

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7
Q

What does a haploid cell mean?

A. there are 2 of each chromosome
B. there is 1 of each chromosome

A

there is 1 of each chromosome

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8
Q

How many chromosomes does haploid cell have?

A

23

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9
Q

Autosomes are the non-sex chromomsomes

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Which chromosomes are autosomes?
(Picture is in lecture)

A

chromosomes 1-22

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11
Q

Which are the sex chromosomes?
(Picture is in lecture)

A

chromosomes X and Y

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12
Q

Is this a male or a female?
(Picture in lecture)

A

male because of the X and Y chromosome

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13
Q

A female karyotype contains two X chromosomes

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Pairs of autosomes are ____________________

A

homologous

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15
Q

X and Y chromosomes are NOT homologs

A
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16
Q

location of a gene in the genome

A

locus

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17
Q

variant of a gene sequence

A

Allele

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18
Q

Normal somatic cells carry two alleles for each locus

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Another way to say diploid is ______

A

2N

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20
Q

Another way to haploid is______

A

1N

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21
Q

What is the difference between a gamete and a zygote?

A

Gametes are 1N,zygotes are 2N

22
Q

_______=fusion of two gametes, egg and sperm come together; single cell that forms from those two gametes

A

Zygote

23
Q

Gametes and zygotes both have mitochondria

A

TRUE

24
Q

The egg has mitochondria

A

TRUE

25
Q

________ are haploid

A

Gametes

26
Q

____________are gametes

A

Zygotes

27
Q

________ is the process of cell division that occurs to produce gametes

A

Meiosis

28
Q

Mitosis-interphase incorporates s phase, after s phase DNA would be replicated, sister chromatids would be formed..then diff. phases like prophase, metaphase,telophase, that results in cytokinesis which is 2 cells in the end have 2N they are diploid

A
29
Q

What kind of cells result from mitosis? __________ like skin cell or gut cells…start out as 2n go through cell cycle throughout process of cell cycle that dna gets replicated to be formed and they divide and end up as 2 2N cells instead of 1 2N cells

A

Somatic cells

30
Q

Meiosis has 1 interphase (G1,S, phase, and G2), 1 interphase meaning 1 replication of the genome and then you have 2 phases of the metaphase, anaphase, telophase portion in the cytokinesis so you have 1 separation of the duplicated DNA and then from those cells you have a second separation of that DNA so in the end with meiosis after the two phases of separation which is we call this cytokinesis of those cells (so meiosis I and meiosis II) you end up with 4 haploid cells;these 4 haploid cells genetically are NOT identical

A
31
Q

Are the 4 cells that result from meiosis identical to each other?

A

NO!

32
Q

Are the 2 cells that result from mitosis identical?

A

Yes

33
Q

Why is it important to have meiosis occur? Meiosis is occurring to produce ___________ because it increases the variability we have 4 unidentical cells

A

gametes

34
Q

Why do gametes have to be haploid? because you have to have _______the genome coming from each parent to form a normal full genome in the offspring so this process has to happen in order to have the offspring have a proper complement of DNA so its important

A

half

35
Q

Homologous Recombination

-Occurs during __________of meiosis
-Results in increased genetic variability

A

Prophase I

36
Q

What else results in increased genetic variability?____________; there’s 4 diff. combinations of which chromosomes people inherited or got passed on to the gametes. MUTATIONS 😊

A

Crossing over

37
Q

Why is this important? Resistance to disease, the process of natural selection there is some environmental exposure that we are exposed to and as the organism is exposed to those different environmental variables whatever their genotype is its going to allow them to deal with that environmental exposure or not deal with that environmental exposure the reality is there are either going to be able to pass on the genome that they had that allowed them to deal with that environmental exposure or they are not going to be able to pass it on they are not going to be able to survive to have offspring so if they were able to survive that environmental exposure then the offspring had that genotype so they in theory should be able to survive that as well so that’s how those things are selected for but we don’t know which environmental exposure will come next and that’s why its important to have genetic variability because the next thing that comes this population they were great and had a genotype to deal with a certain environmental exposure but maybe they can’t deal with the next one so maybe this other population is able to deal with that next one so as species your able to evolve and move forward

A
38
Q

In meiosis those 4 gametes are NOT identical purely from the fact that they don’t have a whole complement of the genome and that the four sister chromatids that were originally there in that 4N cell are now separated into the daughter cells so some are going to have chromosome that was from the grandma and some are going to have some from the grandpa or from the mom or dad…part of the reason why those 4 gametes are NOT going to be identical because the sequence from the dad is NOT identical from the mom.

A
39
Q

(Two different people are NOT identical unless they are twins)

A
40
Q

(In addition to the unique sequence of those 4 gametes occurring because of meiosis there is something called Crossing over or homologous recombination that occurs during Prophase I of meiosis and that further increases the genetic variability. During prophase I where the cells are 4N you have all these 4 sister chromatids so these chromatids are all homologous…they are very similar in sequence;they are NOT identical but similar because they are very similar in sequence crossing over can occur and a chiasma can form so its connecting of the two sister chromatids physically and switching of portions of the chromosome…the sister chromatid so now we have 4 diff. chromatids that could then be passed on to the gamete cells…1 chromatid fully inherited from the mom and 1 chromosome fully inherited same exact sequence as the dad and which he got from his dad or mom and also some that are mix btwn the two so four possible unique sequences that can be occurring in those gametes)

A
41
Q

Which of the following can result in genetic mutation?
A.Mistakes by DNA polymerase
B. Damage of DNA bases by ROS
C.Breaks to DNA backbone by ionizing radiation
D.All answers are correct

A

All of the above

42
Q

There are both intrinsic and extrinsic causes as well in regards to genetic mutations

A
43
Q

Are mistakes by DNA polymerase an intrinsic or extrinsic cause?

A

Intrinsic

44
Q

Is damage of DNA bases by ROS and intrinsic or extrinsic cause?

ROS (reactive oxygen species) come from metabolism;processed produced in the cell

A

Intrinsic

45
Q

Are breaks to DNA backbone by ionizing radiation intrinsic or extrinsic causes?

A

Extrinsic

46
Q

Types of Genetic variants/mutations (If Damage isn’t repaired)

-Point mutations–>single nucleotide sequence change; could be inconsequential because the codon sequences are degenerate which means there could be more than 1 codon sequence that can code for the same amino acid; multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
-Insertions (repeat expansion) potentially serious
-Frameshifts-> “ “
-Deletions “
-Structural changes “ “
-DNA breaks “ “
-Addition or deletions of whole chromosomes “ “
-Chromosomal “ “

A
47
Q

__________–> the actual sequence; sequence of nucleotides that somebody has in their cells

A

Genotype

48
Q

________ is how that is characterized by appearance (ex:hair color), by how much an enzyme is there…is that enzyme active or less active which is a molecular phenotype; any characteristic that happens in the organism because of their genotype

A

phenotype

49
Q

Are each of these genes transcribed? Translated? They have a diff. sequence.We all carry variations in our genotypes. Genes are transcribed and translated..proteins are still made

A
50
Q

How do the amino acid sequences differ? ATTCGG:serine and AGTCGG:isoleucine; there is a difference; if there is a difference in the amino acid that’s there; two diff. proteins everything else is the same but one part of the protein there is a diff. amino acid; one is serine and one is a isoleucine; creates a diff. expression of the genotype; think on a more molecular level; can change the structure of the protein and it can change the stability of the protein; it can change the ability of the protein to get post translationally modified; there is a molecular change that’s causing a change in the phenotype

A
51
Q

Why is this disease happening? Because this mutation there is a change in the ________ that’s causing this phenotypic change

A

genotype

Lecture with Librarian (11 decks)

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