Chronic Adaptations

Question 1

What are the aerobic respiratory chronic adaptations?

Answer 1

S-Increased lung volume*
F-increased Tidal Volume (submax + max)
F-decreased Respiratory Rate (submax + max)
F-decreased ventilation (rest + submax)
F-increased ventilation (max)
F-increased ventilatory efficiency 

S-increased alveolar-capillary interface*
F-increased pulmonary diffusion

Question 2

What is the ‘goal’ of aerobic respiratory adaptations?

Answer 2

To increase oxygen intake

Question 3

What is the ‘goal’ of the aerobic cardiovascular adaptations?

Answer 3

To increase oxygen transport

‘Changes in an athletes heart, blood vessels and blood’

Question 4

What are the aerobic cardiovascular adaptations?(HEART)

Answer 4

S-increased left ventricular size*
F-increased stroke volume 
F-decreased heart rate (rest + submax)
F-decreased steady state heart rate 
F-decreased recovery heart rates
F-increased cardiac output Q (maximal)

Question 5

What are the aerobic cardiovascular adaptations? (BLOOD VESSELS)

Answer 5

S-increased capilarisation of skeletal muscles*

F-increase blood flow to skeletal muscles

Question 6

What are the aerobic cardiovascular adaptations? (BLOOD)

Answer 6

S-increased blood plasma*
S-increased red blood cell count*
S-increased haemoglobin*
S-increased high density lipoproteins*
F-increased blood volume 
F-decreased low-density lipoproteins
F-decreased blood pressure

Question 7

What is the ‘goal’ of aerobic muscular adaptations?

Answer 7

To increase oxygen consumption and anaerobic energy production

Changes at a muscular level associated with enhanced oxygen uptake and consumption, through to the metabolic processes associated with aerobic energy production.

Question 8

What are the aerobic muscular adaptations? (INCREASED OXYGEN UPTAKE)

Answer 8

S-increased capillarisation*
S-increased myoglobin*
F-increased a-VO2 diff

Question 9

What are the aerobic muscular adaptations? (INCREASED OXYGEN UTILISATION)

Answer 9

S-increased size, number and surface area of mitochondria*
S-increased oxidative enzymes*
F-increased aerobic respiration
F-increases fat oxidation (rest and submax)
F-increased glycogen sparing (submax)
F-increased glycogen oxidation(maximal)

Question 10

What are the anaerobic muscular adaptations? (INCREASED ENERGY SUBSTRATES AND ENZYMES)

Answer 10

S-increased ATP,CP, and glycogen stores*
S-increased glycolytic enzymes*
S-increased ATPase*
F-increased rate of anaerobic ATP energy (both Cp and Glycogen)
F-increased turnover of ATP (breakdown and resynthesis)
F-increased lactate tolerance

Question 11

What are the anaerobic muscular adaptations? (NEUROLIGICAL ADAPTATIONS)

Answer 11

• increased synchronisation of motor units
• increased firing rates of motor units (neural drive)
• decrease neural inhibitory reflexes (Golgi tendon organs)

Question 12

What are the anaerobic muscular adaptations? (HYPERTROPHY)

Answer 12

S-increased number and size of myofibrils*
S-increased contractile proteins*
S-increased size and strength of connective tissue*
F-increased force of contraction
F-increased speed of contraction
F-improved structure and function of tendons and ligaments.

Question 13

What are the anaerobic cardiovascular adaptations?

Answer 13

S-increased thickness or the left ventricle wall
F-more forceful contraction of the heart
F-more forceful ejection of blood from the heart

Question 14

What is the point of aerobic cardiovascular adaptations?(BLOOD VESSELS)

Answer 14

Increase in the density of capillaries that surround the working muscles. This will ultimately lead to an increase in the supply of oxygen and other nutrients.

Increased sites for gaseous exchange from blood to muscles.

Question 15

What is the point of aerobic cardiovascular adaptations? (BLOOD)

Answer 15

Training leads to a number of changes related to the compositions of an athletes blood

Question 16

What is the point of the aerobic muscular adaptations?

Answer 16

Changes at a muscular level associated with enhanced oxygen uptake and consumption, though to the metabolic processes associated with aerobic energy production

Question 17

What is the point of the aerobic muscular adaptations? (INCREASED OXYGEN UPTAKE)

Answer 17

Enhances an athletes ability to attract oxygen into the muscle cells. This is made possible by both a greater availability to oxygen (increased capillarisation at the muscle site), and greater ability to uptake oxygen to the muscle cell (increased myoglobin)