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Gen Path #2 > Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic criteria

A

-prolonged duration
-active inflammation
-tissue destruction
-attempts of repair

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2
Q

Causes of chronic inflammation

A

-persistent/resistant infections
>granulomas
>abscess
-autoimmune diseases
-foreign material reactions

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3
Q

Chronic morphologic features

A

-mononuclear infiltration (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
-tissue destruction (by agent or by inflammation)
-tissue repair (fibrosis, angiogenesis)
-usually absence of hyperemia and edema

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4
Q

Macrophages

A

-dominant cell players in chronic inflammation
-blood=monocytes, tissue=macrophages
-powerful host defenders that eliminate injurious agents and initiate repair process

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5
Q

Macrophage functions:

A

-important for chronic inflammation
-host defenders:
>lysosomal oxygen dependent and independent toxic products to microbes and host cells
>secretion of cytokines and chemokines causing influx of inflammatory cells
>secretion of growth factors causing angiogenesis and fibrosis

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6
Q

Lymphocytes

A

-mobilized in both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune reactions in bidirectional way
>macrophages present antigens to T cells and produce cytokines that stimulate T cell response
>Activated T lymphocytes produce cytokines that stimulate macrophages

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7
Q

Plasma cells

A

-develop from activated B lymphocytes and produce antibody directed against persistent antigen

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8
Q

Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

A

-has little diagnostic specificity, many things can cause it
>Rabies, parasitic infections, others

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9
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

-chronic inflammation dominated by epithelioid macrophages
-nodular
>good differential diagnosis for a tumour
-consists of central focus of caseous necrosis, surrounded by epitheloid macrophages with giant cells, and lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts present

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10
Q

Granulomas macroscopic appearance

A

-often indistinguishable from neoplasia

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11
Q

Repair routes

A

1.fibrosis and scarring
2.Regeneration

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12
Q

Stimulus for regeneration

A

-within hours of tissue injury, the viable parenchymal cells at the periphery of the lesion is aware that the adjacent cells have died. They release growth factors and cytokines (paracrine signalling) allowing for regeneration activity to occur

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13
Q

Requirements for regeneration

A

-debridement
-tissue scaffold
-available blood supply
-survival of germinal cells

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14
Q

Debridement

A

-removal of the dead or damaged tissues

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15
Q

Tissue scaffold

A

-need some sort of scaffold or plan so the body knows where to build off of

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16
Q

Available blood supply

A

-need blood for energy, removal of waste, and new cells moving in

17
Q

Mammal tissues

A

-Labile tissues- able to regenerate
-Stable tissues-able to regenerate
-Permanent tissues

18
Q

Permanent tissues

A

-no ability to replicate themselves
-neurons and skeletal and cardiac muscle

19
Q

Superficial corneal ulceration

A

1.damage to cornea
2.edema
3.epithelial cells begin to slide, stretch and cover damaged area (epithelial sliding)
4. epithelial proliferation- more cells appear, and less stretch occurring
5.Epithelial maturation and regeneration- does not usually result in scarring because regeneration occurs quickly

20
Q

Atrophy of small intestinal villi

A

Coronavirus
1.damage to villi from vacuolar and ballooning degeneration
2. intestinal epithelial regeneration occurs

21
Q

Foot and mouth disease

A
  1. Vesicles rupture
  2. Result in superficial ulcer
  3. Complete epithelial regeneration
22
Q

Compensatory hepatic hyperplasia

A

-liver has ability to regenerate back to full volume and mass
**more hyperplasia vs regeneration

23
Q

Repair by scarring and fibrosis

A

-occurs instead of regeneration when healing does not occur within 48hrs after injury
>fibroblasts and angioblasts proliferate to form granulation tissue

24
Q

Wound healing

A

1.inflammatory phase- prepares wound for healing
2.Proliferative phase- building of new tissue to fill wound space
>fibroblasts=angiogenesis and cell proliferation and migration; form granulation tissue
>WBCs leave the site near end
3. Remodeling phase

25
Q

Fibrin over time

A

-Fibrin present at wound, fibroblasts come in and add collagen forming the fibrous tissue

26
Q

Angiogenesis

A

-new sprouts of vessels from pre-existing vessels
>vasodilation from NO
>increased permeability (VEGF)
>degradation of basement membrane
>migration of endothelium
>proliferation of endothelium
>maturation and remodeling of endothelium
>recruitment of periendothelial cells

27
Q

New vessels/tissue

A

-prone to thrombosis
-usually leaky because weaker

28
Q

Scar formation

A

-fibroblast migration and proliferation into neovascularized tissue

29
Q

What occurs due to scars?

A

-decreased proliferating endothelial cells and fibroblasts
-increased deposition of ECM by fibroblasts
-decreased vascular component of granulation tissue

30
Q

Granulation tissue

A

-pale, avascular, contracted scar
-pink-red
-granular appearance
-edema
-pain is from stretching skin around it
-resistant to infection
**more you have, the more of a scar you will have

31
Q

What influences time it takes to heal?

A

-blood supply
-depth of wound
-tension that occurs at site of injury
-shape of wound

32
Q

Tissue remodeling

A

-balance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation (by metalloproteinases)

33
Q

Healing by first intention

A

-surgical wounds
>trying to minimize the amount of trauma and tissue damage caused

34
Q

Healing by second intention

A

-allowing a wound to heal on its own
>will have larger wound bed and more granulation tissue therefore more scarring

35
Q

Complications in wound healing

A

-Wound dehiscence- opening of wound back up due to tissue tension, animal cause, infection
-exuberant granulation- 2 causes: sarcoid tumour, production of excessive granulation tissue production
-fibrous adhesions- connections form between things that you don’t want them to
-constrictive pericarditis- scar tissue formation may inhibit proper function (eg. Hardware disease)

36
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis

A

-combination of regeneration and fibrosis (nodules and depressed)
>smaller than normal, lumpy and bumpy

Gen Path #2 (15 decks)

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