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Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

55% of whole blood composition is plasma. List three proteins that are generally present and think of their function in the body:

A

o Albumin – osmotic balance ph buffering
o Fibrinogen – clotting
o Immunoglobulins – defence

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2
Q

Draw a section of the capillary and explain how the exchange of substances happens across the capillary. Hint – 2 different types of pressure and which one is higher.

A
  • The difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure drives fluids out of capillaries at the arteriole end and into capillaries at the venule end
  • Blood pressure and osmotic pressure, blood pressure higher on outward flow and low on inward flow side. Osmotic stays the same because the albumin proteins stay inside the capillary so they always trying to drag fluids towards them. Then the pressure gets low enough, osmotic pressure is higher so it can drag fluids in.
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3
Q

The remaining 45% of whole blood composition is cells. List three major types of blood cells and their function in the body:

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – transport oxygen and help transport CO2
  • Platelets – blood clotting
  • White blood cells (leukocytes) – defense and immunity
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4
Q

High altitude training and experiencing altitude sickness and hypoxia. Draw a diagram explaining what will have to happen in Joe’s body to respond to this hypoxic situation with regards to his red blood cells:

A
  • Need to create more red blood cells.
  • Stimulus is reduced oxygen in blood, the kidney detects it and produces hormone erythropoietin
  • erythropoietin stimulates creation of more red blood cells made in the red bone marrow
  • more red blood cells you have, the more haemoglobin and more oxygen.
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5
Q

Blood Doping

A

• Blood doping is the process of increasing the number of erythrocytes in the blood to enhance athletic performance
• Dangers of blood doping
o Infection
o Increased HCT/viscosity - ? Heart failure

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6
Q

Explain the process of Blood Clotting

A
  • When the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged, platelets in the circulation get into contact with the smooth muscle or connective tissue layers around the blood vessel
  • Platelets start binding to these regions and release chemicals that make the nearby platelets sticky, creating a ‘platelet plug’
  • This leads to activation of a cascade of clotting factors, eventually leading to conversion of inactive prothrombinto active thrombin
  • Thrombin then converts inactive fibrinogen to active fibrin, which produces the ultimate blood clot
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7
Q

What is the equation for caridac output

A

CO = HR x SV

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8
Q

In the pulmonary circulation

a) Blood pressure is higher than in the systemic circulation
b) The pulmonary vein carries ocygen poor blood
c) Oxygen diffuses directly from air in the alveoli into the capillaries
d) There is a very large capillary surface area
e) A large of amount of water is lost by evaporation from the alveoli

A

d) There is a very large capillary surface area

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9
Q

In negative pressure ventilation

  1. Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes
  2. Inhalation occurs when pressure in the chest is higher than atmospheric
  3. The rib cage expands when rib muscles relax
  4. The pleural membranes cause pain if they move
  5. Elastic recoil of the lung tends to increase lung volume
A

Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes

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10
Q

Which of the following will not occur in response to an increase in blood Co2 levels

a. Increase in blood ph
b. Detection by sensors in the medulla oblongata
c. Detection of ph change by sensors in the carotid arteries
d. Change in ph of the cerebrospinal fluid
e. Increase in respiratory rate

A

a. Increase in blood ph

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11
Q

Comparing foetal with maternal haemoglobin, O2 saturation

a) Is lower for the foetus than the mother at all PO2 values
b) Is higher for the foetal, only at high PO2 values
c) Is the same for the foetus and mother
d) Is slightly higher for the foetus than the mother
e) Allows the transfer of O2 from foetus to mother

A

d) Is slightly higher for the foetus than the moth

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12
Q
  1. Passive diffusion
    a) Allows rapid passage of nutrients such as glucose across distances of centimetres
    b) Avoids the necessity to have a circulatory system,
    c) Requires energy generated from ATP
    d) Mediates passage of oxygen and CO2 across epithelial cell membranes
    e) Is not an important mechanism of mammalian cells
A

d) Mediates passage of oxygen and CO2 across epithelial cell membranes

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13
Q
  1. The human cardiovascular system
    a. Is an example of an open circulatory system,
    b. Allows the transfer of nutrients across capillaries
    c. Allows mixing of O2 rich and O2 poor blood in ventricles
    d. Is an example of a double circulation like that in fish
    e. Has the same pressure in the pulmonary and systemic system
A

b. Allows the transfer of nutrients across capillaries

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14
Q

Which of the following is not a common feature of all respiratory systems

f. Linked with a circulatory system for gas transport
g. Large surface area for gas exchange
h. Moist surface at which gas exchange occurs
i. Specialised cell types for gas transfer
j. Thin epithelial surfaces for gas exchange

A

f. Linked with a circulatory system for gas transport

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15
Q

List 6 key structural features of the mammalian respiratory system. Select two of these features and rationalise their function

A
  • Nasal cavity – warm and humidify the air that we breathe in, etc
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli – rationalize how gas transfer occurs, large surface area, passive diffusion, etc.
  • Diaphragm
  • Also lungs, larynx
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16
Q

When adam goes for a hard run, his heart rate increases to 200bpm. This is mediated in the heart by:

a. motor nerves to the diaphragm
b. parasympathetic nerves to the atria
c. parasympathetic nerves to the ventricles
d. sympathetic nerves to the sinoatrialnode
e. sympathetic nerves to the bronchial smooth muscle

A

d. sympathetic nerves to the sinoatrialnode

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17
Q

During the exercise, the % of cardiac output to skeletal muscle is markedly increased due to:

a. Constriction of muscle precapillary sphincters
b. Constriction of smooth muscle arterioles in muscle
c. Vasodilation in muscle
d. Increased blood pressure to the heart
e. Increased tidal volume

A

c. Vasodilation in muscle

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18
Q

How will decreases O2 levels and increased CO2 levels affect Adam’s respiration during the race

a. increased respiratory rate in response to CO2levels
b. increased respiratory rate in response to O2levels
c. O2and CO2levels do not affect respiration
d. decreased residual volume in response to CO2levels
e. decreased residual volume in response to O2levels

A

a. increased respiratory rate in response to CO2levels

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19
Q
  1. Which of these do not contribute to increase O2 availability to adams muscles during the race?
    a. Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
    b. Vasodilation
    c. pO2 levels decrease to 15mm Hg in tissue capillaries
    d. pCO2 levels increase to 100 mm Hg in tissue capillaries
    e. decreased saturation of haemoglobin occurs.
A

d. pCO2 levels increase to 100 mm Hg in tissue capillaries

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20
Q

Rationalise what will happen to O2delivery to Adam’s muscles during the race.

A
  • Increased blood flow to muscle
  • Increased cellular respiration uses O2
  • pO2in tissue capillaries decreases to less than 40 mmHg (e.g. down to 10 or 15 mmHg)
  • decreased O2saturation of haemoglobin
  • increased O2release into tissues
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21
Q

How does increased blood CO2 level affect PO2 delivery to Adam’s tissues during the race

f. Increased blood CO2 level increases blood pH
g. CO2 saturation of haemoglobin is decreased at lower pH
h. O2 saturation of haemoglobin is decreased at lower pH
i. A decrease in pH of about 1 unit increases O2 availability
j. CO2 affects the passive distribution of O2 in tissue capillaries.

A

h. O2 saturation of haemoglobin is decreased at lower pH

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22
Q

What is the main advantage of a closed circulatory system?

a) It is easy to maintain
b) No CO2 can enter the system
c) It requires little energy
d) It operates at low pressures
e) It efficiently supports the high metabolic demands of tissues

A

e) It efficiently supports the high metabolic demands of tissues

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23
Q

Which one of the following statements about blood flowing into the right atria is incorrect?

k. it comes from the vena cava
l. it is oxygen-poor
m. it is about to flow into the right ventricle
n. it is exiting the pulmonary circuit
o. it is entering the atria during diastole

A

n. it is exiting the pulmonary circuit

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24
Q

Damage to the AV node would

p. Increase blood flow from vena cava to right atrium
q. Disrupts the rhythm of ventricular contractions
r. Decrease the rate of atrial contractions
s. Increase cardiac output
t. Increase the force of ventricular contractions

A

q. Disrupts the rhythm of ventricular contractions

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25
Q

The SA node is located in the:

u. RV
v. LV
w. RA
x. LA
y. Aorta

A

RA

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26
Q

The pulmonary artery takes blood from:

z. Lungs to RV
aa. LV to RV
bb. RV to lungs
cc. LV to lungs
dd. Lungs to LV

A

bb. RV to lungs

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27
Q

Which one of the following statements about the electrical activity of the heart is incorrect

a. Cells in the SA node set the rate and timing for contraction of all cardiac muscle cells
b. The ventricles and atria contract simultaneously
c. The rate of contraction can be controlled by the autonomic nervous system
d. Impulses are delayed at the AV node
e. Impulses travel from the SA node to the AV node

A

b. The ventricles and atria contract simultaneously

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28
Q
  1. What would be the long term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were blocked?
    a. Fewer proteins would leak from the interstitial fluid into the blood
    b. Nothing would happen
    c. Fluid would accumulate in the interstitial areas
    d. Blood pressure in the capillary bed would decrease
    e. More fluid would enter the venous capillaries
A

c. Fluid would accumulate in the interstitial areas

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29
Q

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein will drain first into the:

a. Vena cava
b. Left atrium
c. Right atrium
d. Left ventricle
e. Right ventricle

A

b. Left atrium

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30
Q

The relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR) can be expressed as BP = CO*TPR. Which one of the following would NOT increase BP?

a. Increased stroke volume
b. Increased heart rate
c. Increased duration of ventricular diastole
d. Contraction of smooth muscle in the arteriole walls
e. Reduction in the diameter of arterioles

A

c. Increased duration of ventricular diastole

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31
Q

In chronic protein undernutrition there is a reduction in plasma protein content. How may this affect capillary function?

a. Decrease fluid movement out of the capillary at the arteriole end
b. Decrease fluid movement into the capillary at the venous end
c. Reduce lymphatic flow
d. Increase fluid movement out of the capillary at the venous end
e. It will not affect capillary function

A

b. Decrease fluid movement into the capillary at the venous end

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32
Q

In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from

a) relaxing the muscles of the rib cage.
b) contracting the diaphragm.
c) using muscles of the lungs to expand the alveoli.
d) forcing air from the throat down into the lungs.
e) contracting the abdominal muscles.

A

b) contracting the diaphragm.

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33
Q

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

a) rising CO2
b) rising O2
c) rising CO2 and falling O2
d) falling O2
e) falling CO2

A

a) rising CO2

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34
Q

Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body’s cells are likely to have which of the following?

a) a gastrovascular cavity
b) branched tracheae
c) hemolymph
d) an open circulatory system
e) a closed circulatory system

A

e) a closed circulatory system

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35
Q

Diffusion rate is proportional to the square of the distance molecules/ions travel. Which of the following would therefore be preferable for a mid-size multicellular organism?

a) a system to circulate gases, nutrients, and wastes to and from cells
b) a system of individualised exchange tubules for each cell group
c) direct exchange of nutrients with the surrounding medium
d) a system for facilitated diffusion to maximise materials that could be exchanged
e) a system for bringing nutrients into contact with cells, and another system for bringing O2 to cells

A

a) a system to circulate gases, nutrients, and wastes to and from cells

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36
Q

Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs?

a) Gills have less surface area than lungs.
b) Gills allow water to flow in one direction
c) Water is less dense than air.
d) Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.

A

d) Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.

37
Q

Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange?

a) the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins
b) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills
c) the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary
d) the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae
e) the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its hear

A

b) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills

38
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. If the partial pressure of CO2 at sea level is approximately 0.23 mm Hg, how does this influence gas exchange in terrestrial animals?

a) the higher pressure of oxygen causes the lung surface to extract oxygen and give up carbon dioxide
b) the lower pressure of oxygen causes the lung surface to extract oxygen and give up carbon dioxide
c) the low concentration of carbon dioxide causes the oxygen to move across the lung surface
d) the low concentration of carbon dioxide causes the carbon dioxide to exert pressure on the inner lung surface
e) since the concentration of oxygen is lower in water, the moist surface of the lung extracts less carbon dioxide

A

a) the higher pressure of oxygen causes the lung surface to extract oxygen and give up carbon dioxide

39
Q

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

a) pressure in the alveoli increases.
b) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure.
c) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.
d) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.
e) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs.

A

c) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume

40
Q

Which of the following lung volumes would be different in a person at rest compared with when the person exercises?

a) total lung capacity
b) residual volume
c) vital capacity
d) tidal volume
e) All of the above would be different.

A

d) tidal volume

41
Q

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

a) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide.
b) the partial pressure of oxygen.
c) temperature.
d) pH.
e) haemoglobin concentration

A

d) pH.

42
Q

Emphysema is a disease, frequently caused by smoking, that results in loss of the elastic elements of lung tissue. The effect will be more like which of the following?

a) pulmonary edema in which the alveoli amass fluid
b) bronchiolar constriction as in asthma
c) an increase in airway resistance
d) cystic fibrosis in which mucus builds up in the lungs
e) a decrease in airway resistance

A

c) an increase in airway resistance

43
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describe the effects of cooperative binding? Select the three that apply.

a. Binding oxygen causes a conformational change in hemoglobin.
b. When an oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin, the other subunits become more likely to bind oxygen.
c. When an oxygen molecule releases from hemoglobin, the other subunits become more likely to release oxygen.
d. When an oxygen molecule releases from hemoglobin, the other subunits become more likely to bind oxygen.
e. When an oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin, the other subunits become more likely to release oxygen.

A

a. Binding oxygen causes a conformational change in hemoglobin.
b. When an oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin, the other subunits become more likely to bind oxygen.
c. When an oxygen molecule releases from hemoglobin, the other subunits become more likely to release oxygen.

44
Q

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true?

a. As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.
b. During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract.
c. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.
d. Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium.

A

c. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.

45
Q

Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole?

a. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.
b. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles.
c. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
d. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract

A

a. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

46
Q

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?

a. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.
b. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles.
c. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
d. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

A

a. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.

47
Q

If the atrioventricular node could be surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibres, what would be the effect?

a. Only the atria would contract.
b. The heart rate would be decreased.
c. No apparent effect on heart activity would be observed.
d. Only the ventricles would contract.
e. Atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time.

A

e. Atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time.

48
Q

Average blood pressure is lowest in which structure(s)

a. capillaries
b. arterioles
c. arteries
d. venae cavae
e. the aorta

A

d. venae cavae

49
Q

Which of the following is correct for a blood pressure reading of 130/80? All thre
I. The systolic pressure is 130.
II. The diastolic pressure is 80.
III. The blood pressure during heart contraction is 80

A

All three

50
Q

What is the reason that fluid is forced from the bloodstream to the surrounding tissues at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries?

a. The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid.
b. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.
c. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood.
d. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.
e. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid.

A

d. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.

51
Q

What would be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked?

a. Blood pressure in the capillary bed would increase.
b. Nothing would happen.
c. Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas.
d. More fluid would enter the venous capillaries.
e. Fewer proteins would leak into the interstitial fluid from the blood.

A

. Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas.

52
Q

Human plasma proteins include which of the following?

a. haemoglobin
b. fibrinogen
c. immunoglobulin

A

b. fibrinogen

c. immunoglobulin

53
Q

Which of these speed up heart rate?

a. erythropoietin
b. platelets
c. low-density lipoproteins
d. epinephrine (adrenaline)
e. immunoglobulins

A

d. epinephrine (adrenaline)

54
Q

Which of the following is a normal event in the process of blood clotting?

a. increase in platelets
b. activation of prothrombin to thrombin
c. clotting factor formation
d. production of erythropoietin
e. conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen

A

b. activation of prothrombin to thromb

55
Q

Which sequence of blood flow can be observed in either a reptile or a mammal?

a. vena cava→right atrium→ventricle→pulmonary circuit
b. pulmonary vein→left atrium→ventricle→pulmonary circuit
c. right atrium→pulmonary artery→left atrium→ventricle
d. left ventricle→aorta→lungs→systemic circulation
e. right ventricle→pulmonary vein→pulmocutaneous circulation

A

a. vena cava→right atrium→ventricle→pulmonary circuit

56
Q

Which of these are involved in the early stages of blood clotting?

a. immunoglobulins
b. low-density lipoproteins
c. platelets
d. erythropoietin
e. epinephrine

A

c. platelets

57
Q

Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs?

a. The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
b. The epiglottis closes.
c. The diaphragm contracts.
d. The rib cage expands.
e. The residual volume of the lungs decreases.

A

a. The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

58
Q

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs

a. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)
b. combined with hemoglobin
c. by the trachea
d. as hydrogen ions (H+)
e. dissolved in blood plasma

A

a. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)

59
Q

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too

a. acidic
b. basic
c. thick
d. low in oxygen concentration
e. red

A

a. acidic

60
Q

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues

a. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)
b. combined with hemoglobin
c. by the trachea
d. water (H2O)
e. dissolved in blood plasma

A

b. combined with hemoglobin

61
Q

Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with

a. haemoglobin.
b. plasma proteins.
c. plasma buffers.
d. carbon dioxide.
e. carbonic acid.

A

a. haemoglob

62
Q

Which of the following statements about blood vessels is FALSE?

a. Thick, elastic walls of the artery are capable of withstanding high-pressure blood from ventricular systole.
b. To prevent backflow of low-pressure blood in the veins, constriction of skeletal muscles and the action of valves work in conjunction to act against gravity.
c. Exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid occurs across the single endothelial layer of the capillaries, involving an interplay between the osmotic and blood pressures.
d. When measuring blood pressure, the constricted cuff induces laminar flow where blood bounces off the blood vessel walls, creating vibrations which can be heard

A

d. When measuring blood pressure, the constricted cuff induces laminar flow where blood bounces off the blood vessel walls, creating vibrations which can be heard

63
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the electrical activity of the heart is FALSE?

a. Pacemaker cells are special cardiac cells that can generate their own action potentials without a stimulus from the nervous system.
b. Impulses the SA node are delayed at the AV node to contribute towards asynchronous contractions of the atria and ventricles.
c. The heart is regulated only by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate.
d. Impulses from the SA node travel to the AV node, down the Bundles of His and finally to the Purkinje fibres.

A

c. The heart is regulated only by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate.

64
Q

At the venule end of a capillary, which direction does fluid flow?

a. From the capillary into the interstitial fluid since blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure.
b. From the capillary into the interstitial fluid since the osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure.
c. From the interstitial fluid into the capillary since blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure.
d. From the interstitial fluid into the capillary since the osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure.

A

d. From the interstitial fluid into the capillary since the osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure.

65
Q

Why would a larger organism, such as a human, have evolved to use a closed circulatory system rather than an open circulatory system?

A

closed system - nothing to open.
two types f fluid - circulatory and interstitial
exchange occurs between the blood and interstitial fluid
a closed system allows for changes in pressure to occur, this increases gas exchange efficiency and accomdates for high metabolic demands

66
Q

What is meant by the term ‘double circulation’? What are the two circuits involved in double circulation? (Include a diagram)

A

organism has two loops that circulate blood - one the pulmonary which has oxygenated blood and other systemic which is deoxygenated

67
Q

Which is not a method of transport across the capillary wall?

a. Diffusion across the endothelial cell of small, non-polar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.
b. Diffusion through endothelial pores of dissolved ions such as potassium and sodium.
c. Channel-mediated transport of plasma proteins such as albumin.
d. Vesicular transport of exchangeable proteins such as immunoglobulin.

A

c. Channel-mediated transport of plasma proteins such as albumin.

68
Q

Select the option which best describes a primary mechanism of how blood flow can be redirected to other parts of the body when needed.

a. Relaxation of smooth muscles in the arteriole walls results in vasoconstriction.
b. Precapillary sphincters at the arteriole end constrict to redirect blood flow.
c. Higher-frequency spontaneous action potentials are induced in the SA node to increase cardiac output.
d. Contraction of the smooth muscles narrow the arterioles to decrease blood pressure.

A

b. Precapillary sphincters at the arteriole end constrict to redirect blood flow.

69
Q

Blood clotting occurs when the endothelium of the blood vessel is damaged. Which of the following is the correct order of the blood clotting cascade?

a. Endothelium damage → Platelet signaling → Prothrombin cleaved to Thrombin; Thrombin cleaves Fibrinogen into Fibrin → Fibrin clot produced.
b. Endothelium damage → Platelet signaling → Thrombin cleaved to Prothrombin; Prothrombin cleaves Fibrin into Fibrinogen → Fibrinogen clot produced.
c. Endothelium damage → Platelet signaling → Prothrombin cleaved to Fibrinogen; Fibrinogen cleaves Thrombin into Fibrin → Fibrin clot produced.

A

a. Endothelium damage → Platelet signaling → Prothrombin cleaved to Thrombin; Thrombin cleaves Fibrinogen into Fibrin → Fibrin clot produced.

70
Q

Select the option which best describes counter-current exchange in fish gills:

a. Water running in the same direction of parallel blood flow allows efficient oxygen extraction.
b. Water running in the opposite direction of parallel blood flow allows efficient oxygen extraction.
c. Water running perpendicular to blood flow allows efficient oxygen extraction.

A

b. Water running in the opposite direction of parallel blood flow allows efficient oxygen extraction.

71
Q

Explain two methods that control blood flow in capillary beds

A

arteriole casoconstriction and precapillary sphinters
vaso decreases blood flow to capillary beds
precapillary sphincters inhibit flow of blood to specific regions

72
Q

Heparin is a drug that inhibits the action of thrombin. Why is it given to patients at risk of a heart attack?

A

Thrombin is require for cleabvage of fibrinogen into fibrin which is then required to form clots. heart attacks are the result of blood clots therefore to avoid blood clotting, pateitns are given this drug

73
Q

Why does a person who has been sitting on a flight for a long time get swollen ankles? Think about oedema and venous blood return.

A

oedema and blood return invbolce contractile force generated by skeletal system movement. if stationary, no pressure to move blood up

74
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

a) Marine worms use parapodia for respiration which function as gills
b) Some insects use a highly branched tracheal system for respiration that contains air sacs that can adapt to a high metabolic demand during flight.
c) Respiratory surfaces are generally evolved to minimise surface area and maximise distance travelled by the gas.
d) The media in which humans derive oxygen means that they have a more efficient gas exchange system than crayfish.
e) Humans ventilate using negative pressure breathing.

A

c) Respiratory surfaces are generally evolved to minimise surface area and maximise distance travelled by the gas.

75
Q

Movements of O2 and CO2 across surfaces occur via:

a) Active transport
b) Secondary active transport
c) Facilitated diffusion
d) Simple diffusion

A

d) Simple diffusion

76
Q

During inspiration …

a) Pressure inside the lungs is decreased. Air enters the lungs as it moves from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.
b) Pressure inside the lungs is decreased. Air exits the lungs as it moves from a region of low pressure to a region of high pressure.
c) Pressure inside the lungs is increased. Air exits the lungs as it moves from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.
d) Pressure inside the lungs is decreased so that it becomes the same pressure as atmospheric air. Nor air movement results.

A

Pressure inside the lungs is decreased. Air enters the lungs as it moves from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.

77
Q

A haemoglobin molecule is composed of:

a) Two protein chains
b) Three protein chains
c) Four protein chains only
d) Four protein chains and four heme groups
e) Four heme groups only

A

d) Four protein chains and four heme groups

78
Q

In the blood …

a) O2 is mostly carried by haemoglobin, whereas CO2 is dissolved in the plasma.
b) O2 is dissolved in the plasma, whereas CO2 is dissolved in the plasma and carried by haemoglobin.
c) O2 is mostly carried by white blood cells, whereas CO2 is dissolved in the plasma and carried by red blood cells.
d) O2 is mostly carried by haemoglobin, whereas CO2 is dissolved in the plasma and carried by haemoglobin.

A

a) O2 is mostly carried by haemoglobin, whereas CO2 is dissolved in the plasma.

79
Q

Which of these statements is FALSE regarding the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

a) Positive cooperativity of oxygen binding to haemoglobin contributes to the sigmoidal shape of the curve
b) A decrease in pH results in the curve shifting to the left
c) A higher proportion of O 2 is unloaded at tissues during exercise compared to at rest
d) Haemoglobin retains less O 2 when there is a higher CO 2 concentration in the blood

A

b) A decrease in pH results in the curve shifting to the left

80
Q

What adaptations do diving mammals have to allow them to remain underwater for long periods of time without coming to the surface to breathe?

A

Decrease heart rate and blood supply to muscles. Have huge spleen and high concentration of myoglobin in muscles

81
Q

Draw and Describe the RAAS ( Normal blood pressure and volume)

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a hormone system within the body that is essential for the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance
Always have angiotensinogen, but when there is renin as well, it convers to angiotensin 1, which then creates angiotension II which is done by ACE enzyme. This then does two things, it activates the adrenal gland to produce aldosterone which increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption which increases blood flow. It Angiotensin also causes the arterioles to constrict, which increases blood flow.

82
Q

Diving animals have special adaptations to allow them to survive during deep sea diving without taking an oxygen tank on their backs.
(a) These animals have large blood volumes and a high concentration of myoglobin in muscles. Explain how these adaptations allow the animal to store large amounts of oxygen.

A

Larger blood volume in diving animals than in non-diving animals results in proportionally larger amounts of haemoglobin which carries oxygen in the blood. While the animal is diving, the partial pressure of O2 will decrease, allowing release of large amounts of O2 to the tissues
Myoglobin is like haemoglobin in that it can bind O2 and hence store O2, in this case in muscle, which can again be released to the tissues as O2 partial pressure decreases during the dive

83
Q

Diving animals also show adaptations to conserve oxygen during a dive including reduced heart rate and reduced blood supply to muscles. Briefly explain how the nervous system is involved in achieving these changes during a dive. [2 marks]

A

Reduced heart rate occurs by reduced sympathetic nervous system activity and increased parsympathetic nervous system activity to the SA node during the dive.
Reduced blood supply to muscle can occur by vasoconstriction of blood vessels to the muscles during the dive by decreased sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels in muscle.

84
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a common
feature of all respiratory systems?
A. linked with a circulatory system for
gas transport
B. large surface area for gas exchange
C. moist surface at which gas
exchange occurs
D. specialised cell types for gas
transfer
E. thin epithelial surfaces for gas
exchange
A

A. linked with a circulatory system for

gas transport

85
Q 
Human airways
A. have a smaller surface area than
the skin
B. allow gas exchange of O2 and CO2
by passive diffusion
C. provide O2 to all tissues in the
body by direct contact
D. have a partial pressure of O2 at
alveoli equal to that in air
E. terminate at the bronchioles
A

B. allow gas exchange of O2 and CO2

by passive diffusion

86
Q 
Consider the oxygen supply for humans compared
with fish. What proportion of available oxygen is
normally extracted by humans compared with fish?
A. 25% from air and water
B. 25% from air and 80% from
water
C. 100% from air and water
D. 80% from air and 25% from
water
E. A greater proportion in warm
climates than cool climates for
both humans and fish
A

B. 25% from air and 80% from

water

87
Q

Consider the oxygen supply for humans during intense
exercise compared with at rest. Positive cooperativity that
is a property of the binding of oxygen (O2) to haemoglobin
(Hb) does NOT cause
A. increased affinity of binding of the 4th
O2 than the 1st O2 molecule
B. difficulty in supplying O2 to muscles
during intense exercise
C. 75% saturation of Hb with O2 in blood
supplying tissues at rest
D. 15‐25% saturation of Hb with O2 in
blood supplying tissues during
exercise
E. Hb to be more effective than
myoglobin in supplying O2 in exercise

A

B. difficulty in supplying O2 to muscles

during intense exercise

88
Q 
Consider the oxygen supply for humans during intense
exercise compared with at rest. Which of the following is
NOT involved in regulating respiration to optimal levels
in both situations?
A. High CO2 levels detected as
decreased pH
B. Receptors in the aorta and carotid
arteries
C. Cerebrospinal fluid pH detected in
the medulla oblongata
D. Homeostatic feedback to get
respiration back to normal after
exercise
E. Low O2 levels detected in the
medulla oblongata
A

E. Low O2 levels detected in the

medulla oblongata

89
Q 
Blood pressure in capillary beds is
closest to
A. 120/80 mmHg
B. 100/30 mmHg
C. 100 mmHg
D. 0 mmHg
E. 30 mmHg
A

E. 30 mmHg

Ben (5 decks)

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