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Anatomy > Circulatory Anatomy > Flashcards

Circulatory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of Circulatory Anatomy

A

Delivers nutrients to tissue/pickup waste from tissues, delivers oxygen to tissue/pickup carbon dioxide from tissues, heat transfer/regulation, clotting, hormones transport, and immunity

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2
Q

What is apart of the circulatory/cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood, vessels, arteries, capillaries

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3
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma and cells

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4
Q

Types of blood

A

Erythrocytes, nucleated, anucleated, leukocytes, granulocytes, agranulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, platelets, serum, plasma

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5
Q

What is the fluid component in blood?

A

Plasma

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6
Q

What are the formed element in blood?

A

Cells

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

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8
Q

Erythrocytes

A

40-50% RBCs, hematocrit

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9
Q

When erythrocytes are centrifuged?

A

On bottom when centrifuged

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10
Q

What are organisms are nucleated?

A

Most organisms

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11
Q

What organisms have anucleated RBCs?

A

Mature mammalian RBCs

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12
Q

Anucleated RBCs

A

Immature blood cells (reticulocytes, hemoglobin)

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13
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Have nuclei, and released by bone marrow

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14
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein that carries oxygen

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15
Q

Where does the RBCs go after a couple of months?

A

They are taken in by the spleen

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16
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs (white blood cells)

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17
Q

RBCs

A

Red blood cells

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18
Q

WBCs

A

White blood cells

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19
Q

What happens when leukocytes are centrifuged?

A

“Buffy coat” when centrifuged

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20
Q

Granulocytes

A

Cytoplasm contains granules which contains proteins/some type of secretory product

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21
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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22
Q

How many lobes do neutrophils have?

A

3 lobes

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23
Q

Agranulocytes

A

No granules, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes

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24
Q

Monocytes

A

In blood

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25
Q

Macrophages

A

Out of blood

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26
Q

Platelets

A

Clotting factors, ECF

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27
Q

Serum

A

No clotting factors, leave it to rest

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28
Q

Plasma

A

Clotting factors, treat with anticoagulant (heparin)

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29
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

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30
Q

What layer is the tunica intima?

A

The innermost layer/ contact of blood

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31
Q

What layer is the tunica media?

A

Middle layer

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32
Q

What layer is the tunica adventitia?

A

The outer layer

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33
Q

What layer has its own blood supply?

A

Tunica adventitia

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34
Q

The name of the blood supply in tunica adventitia

A

Vasa vasorum

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35
Q

What layers are present in the capillaries?

A

The tunica intima

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36
Q

How many layers does the venules have?

A

2 thinner layers

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37
Q

How many layers does the veins have?

A

Has all three layers but thinner (tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia)

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38
Q

What does IEM/EEM stand for?

A

Internal/external elastic membrane

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39
Q

What does IEM/EEM do?

A

Responsible for peak internal force/pressure in blood and produce recoil/elasticity

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40
Q

Characteristic of IEM/EEM?

A

Thicker in arteries than veins

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41
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

Carry blood away from heart

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42
Q

What type of blood does arteries carry?

A

Most carry oxygenated blood

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43
Q

What artery carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

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44
Q

Low volume/high pressure

A

Arteries

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45
Q

Where do veins carry blood?

A

Carry blood toward the heart

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46
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

They carry deoxygenated blood

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47
Q

What type of vein doesn’t carry deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

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48
Q

High volume/low pressure

A

Veins

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49
Q

The exchange surface?

A

Capillaries

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50
Q

What is the capillary bed?

A

Sets of capillaries serving one area of tissue

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51
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

Arterioles -> capillaries -> venules

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52
Q

What does microcirculation do?

A

Diverting blood flow

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53
Q

What does a sphincter do?

A

Regulates blood flow

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54
Q

What does a shunt do?

A

Collect extra blood to shunt blood away from capillary bed

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55
Q

What happens to the shunt and sphincter when there is more blood flow?

A

The shunt constricts and the sphincter dilates

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56
Q

What happens to the shunt and sphincter when there is less blood flow?

A

The shunt dilates and the sphincter constricts

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57
Q

Giraffe

A

Decrease peak pressure and prevents tissue damage

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58
Q

What type of response is fight or flight?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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59
Q

What happens during fight or flight (sympathetic NS)?

A

Blood is sent towards the brain and heart muscles. Blood is sent away from digestive/urinary.

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60
Q

Example of fight or flight

A

Stitch when running -> caused by lack of blood flow to intestines

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61
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Heat transfer

62
Q

What does thermoregulation do?

A

Keep blood in core -> preserve body heat in cold

63
Q

Example of thermoregulation?

A

Blushing/drinking -> radiating/losing heat -> possible hyperthermia when in cold

64
Q

What are the types of circulation?

A

Single circulation (single circuit) and double circulation (double circuit)

65
Q

How many times does blood pass through heart in single circulation?

A

Blood passes through the heart one time

66
Q

How does a single circulation work?

A

Blood passes through the heart once, systemic capillaries are everywhere to bring blood to tissues, and the venules/veins bring blood back to heart

67
Q

How does the blood get back to the heart in single circulation?

A

Venules/veins bring blood back to heart

68
Q

Why are the systemic capillaries important in single circulation?

A

Systemic capillaries are everywhere to bring blood to tissues

69
Q

How many times does blood pass through the heart in double circulation?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice through the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

70
Q

Where does the pulmonary circuit bring blood (in double circulation)?

A

Brings blood to the lungs

71
Q

Where does the systemic circuit bring blood (in double circulation)?

A

Brings blood to tissues

72
Q

What is the precava?

A

Anterior venacava, superior venacava

73
Q

What is the postcava?

A

Posterior venacava, inferior venacava

74
Q

The order of the arteries?

A

Heart -> ventral aorta -> to external carotid artery and gills (aortic arches) -> gills (aortic arches) to internal carotid artery and paired dorsal aorta -> unpaired dorsal aorta -> subclavian artery, celiac artery, mesenteric artery, genital artery, renal artery, iliac artery, and caudual artery

75
Q

Postcava veins?

A

Caudal, cardinal, iliac, abdominal, renal portal, and hepatic portal

76
Q

Precava veins?

A

Anterior jugular, subclavian

77
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches does lampreys have?

A

8 pairs

78
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches do sharks have?

A

10-12 pairs

79
Q

How many aortic arches do tetrapods have?

A

6 pairs

80
Q

How many aortic arches would humans have in embryo?

A

6 pairs

81
Q

What arches do amphibians lose in early development?

A

Aortic arches I and II are lost in early development

82
Q

What are aortic arches III and IV associated with in amphibians?

A

Aortic arches III and IV are associated with systemic circulation

83
Q

What are aortic arches V and VI associated with in amphibians?

A

Aortic arches V and VI are associated with respiratory function

84
Q

What aortic arches do birds, reptiles, and mammals lose in early development?

A

Birds, reptiles, and mammals lose aortic arches I, II, and V

85
Q

What is aortic arch III associated with in birds, reptiles, and mammals?

A

Aortic arch III is associated with anterior vessels (head)

86
Q

What is aortic arch IV associated with in birds, reptiles, and mammals?

A

Aortic arch IV is associated with systemic circulation

87
Q

What is aortic arch VI associated with in birds, reptiles, and mammals?

A

Aortic arch VI is associated with pulmonary vessels (lungs)

88
Q

Aortic arch III in mammals (humans)

A

Aortic arch III -> carotid arch

89
Q

Aortic arch IV in mammals (humans)

A

Aortic arch IV -> systemic arch (aortic arch, aortic trunk)

90
Q

Aortic arch VI in mammals (humans)

A

Aortic arch VI -> pulmonary arch (pulmonary trunk)

91
Q

Where does blood go in the efferent bronchial artery?

A

The blood goes out of gills

92
Q

Where does blood go in the afferent branchial artery?

A

Blood goes into gills

93
Q

What type of loop do birds have on their heart?

A

Right loop, aortic arch IV

94
Q

What type of loop do reptiles have on their heart?

A

Both right and left loop, aortic arch IV

95
Q

What type of loop do mammals have on their heart?

A

Left loop, aortic arch IV

96
Q

What does it mean that reptiles have two loops, while birds (right loop) and mammals (left loop) have only one loop on opposite sides?

A

This means that birds and mammals share a common reptile ancestor

97
Q

Aortic arch III in humans?

A

Right external carotid artery, left internal carotid artery, and left common carotid artery

98
Q

Aortic arch VI in humans?

A

Pulmonary artery

99
Q

Embryonic development of vitelline veins?

A

Vitelline veins = hepatic veins

100
Q

Embryonic development of cardinal veins?

A

Cardinal veins = precava, postcava, and jugular

101
Q

Embryonic development of lateral abdominal veins?

A

Lateral abdominal veins = vessels of limbs (subclavian, iliac)

102
Q

Phylogeny of veins?

A

Embryonic development, ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

103
Q

Meaning of ontogeny

A

Embryonic devlopment

104
Q

What does ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny?

A

Embryonic development mirrors or reflects evolution of animals

105
Q

What does axils mean?

A

Armpit

106
Q

What does popliteal mean?

A

Back of the leg

107
Q

Where does external and internal jugular veins bring blood?

A

They bring blood out of the brain

108
Q

What is the phylogeny of the heart?

A

Four chambers aligned in a series, conus arteriosus, and bulbus arteriosus

109
Q

What is the conus arteriosus?

A

Thick muscle layer for propulsion of blood (coral valves)

110
Q

What is the bulbus arteriosus?

A

Thin or muscle layer (bulbus valve)

111
Q

What are the four chambers in the heart?

A

Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus

112
Q

What are the three borders/valves in the heart passed to get to the next chamber?

A

Sinoatrial valve, atrioventricular valve, and bulbal valve

113
Q

Lungfish heart

A

Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus

114
Q

Lungfish type of circulation?

A

Single circulation

115
Q

Lungfish heart

A

Emergence of partial interaterial and intraventricular septa (separation)

116
Q

Amphibian heart chambers

A

Sinus venosus, 2 complete or almost complete atria, 1 ventricle, and conus arteriosus

117
Q

Reptile heart chambers?

A

Sinus venosus, 2 complete atria, ventricles divided into 3 chambers, and conus arteriosus

118
Q

What are the three chambers of the ventricles in reptiles?

A

Cavum venosus, cavum arteriosum, and cavum plumonale

119
Q

Where does the cavum venosus receive blood?

A

Receives blood from right side

120
Q

Where does cavum arteriosum receive blood?

A

Receive blood from left side

121
Q

Bird heart

A

Sinus venosus, 2 complete atria, 2 complete ventricles, and arotic and pulmonary trunk

122
Q

Which part of the bird’s chambers in their heart are reduced significantly?

A

The sinus venosus becomes significantly reduced

123
Q

What is the right atrium associated with?

A

It’s associated with precava, and postcava

124
Q

What is the left atrium associated with?

A

It is associated with the pulmonary vein

125
Q

What is the right ventricle associated with?

A

It’s associated with the pulmonary artery

126
Q

What’s the left ventricles associated with?

A

It’s associated with the aortic arch (systemic arch)

127
Q

Mammal heart chambers

A

Right and left atrium, right and left ventricle, pulmonary trunk, aortic trunk, and sinus venosus

128
Q

What happens to the sinus venosus in mammals?

A

It becomes reduced to a collection of cells found with right atrium (“SA node” = sinoatrial = “pacemaker”)

129
Q

What is the conduction system in mammal hearts

A

AV node, bundle of His, bundles of branches, Purkinjefibers

130
Q

What do purkinjefibers do?

A

They send axons to each cardiac cell to tell them to beat

131
Q

Functional tidbits?

A

Fetal circulation, heat transfer, heat blocks, rete

132
Q

What is involved in fetal circulation?

A

Placenta, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus

133
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Involves the intermixing of blood from fetal and maternal circulations at the chorionic villi

134
Q

What does the umbilical cord do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from maternal circulation to fetal circulation

135
Q

What does ductus venosus do?

A

Liver bypass vessel

136
Q

What does foramen ovale do?

A

“Hole” between right/left atrium

137
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

A

Bypass or connection between pulmonary artery + aortic arch

138
Q

What does the umbilical vein become after birth?

A

Becomes the ligamentum teres

139
Q

What does the ductus venosus become after birth?

A

Becomes ligamentum venosum

140
Q

What does the foramen ovale become after birth?

A

Becomes fossa ovalis

141
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?

A

Becomes ligamentum arteriosum

142
Q

What happens if the ligamentum teres doesn’t close after birth?

A

It can cause bleeding

143
Q

What does patan mean?

A

Open

144
Q

What is the problem with patan ductus arteriosus?

A

Blood away from lungs, baby dont get oxygen, and surgery is needed to correct it

145
Q

What is the problem with patan foramen ovale?

A

Pressure could partially close hole, cause blood clots, and not enough oxygen

146
Q

Heat transfer

A

Reconstruct vs vasodilate

147
Q

Reconstrict?

A

Conserve heat

148
Q

Vasodilate?

A

Lose heat to environment

149
Q

Heat blocks?

A

Regulate body temperature, arteries are deep and veins are superficial

150
Q

Why does arteries being deep and veins being superficial help with body temperature?

A

They are arranged in a way to make heat transfer efficiently, blood out of aortic arch is warmest, and surround arteries with veins to keep blood warm

151
Q

Rete?

A

Close association of arteries/veins, regulation of body temperature, many mammals have these (we dont have a formal rete), and move air through veins in nasal passages to cool blood in brain

Anatomy (4 decks)

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