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Epidemiology > Class 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Class 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

coverage gap

A

the percent of people receiving coverage among those who need it; i.e. among people with a given illness/disease, it is the difference between those who are receiving an intervention/treatment and those who are not in that group of sick people.

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2
Q

prevalence

A

the number of people who have the condition

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3
Q

incidence

A

the number of new cases

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4
Q

When are prevalence and incidence approximately equal?

A

with acute diseases

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5
Q

What are the 8 MDGs?

A
  1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  2. achieve universal primary education
  3. promote gender equality and empower women
  4. reduce child mortality
  5. improve maternal health
  6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
  7. ensure environmental sustainability
  8. develop a global partnership for development
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6
Q

What are some general trends from the 2012 World Health Statistics?

A
  • large variations and uneven distribution exist in the health status of people both between and within countries
  • improvements have been made in areas such as reducing maternal and child mortality, improving nutrition, reducing morbidity and mortality due to HIV, TB, malaria, and in increasing access to improved drinking water sources.
  • there is still much work to be done in regard to maternal and child health and deaths, malaria, NCDs, achieving universal coverage, and civil registration and vital statistics systems, among others.
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7
Q

Define epidemiology

A

the study of distribution and determinants of health - related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
also - the study of how disease is distributed in populations and factors and influences that determine this distribution.

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8
Q

In epidemiology, what are the 5 things you want to determine?

A
  1. Etiology (why things happen)
  2. Extent (how far the problem goes)
  3. Natural history and prognosis
  4. Preventative and therapeutic measures
  5. Define public policy
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9
Q

What are the 3 things necessary for the spread of (infectious) disease?

A

Host (carries disease)
Agent (causes disease)
Environment (must be adequate)

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10
Q

List factors in host susceptibility.

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • nutritional status
  • immunological status
    • immunodeficiency
    • acquired immunity (vaccination or prior exposure)
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11
Q

List determining risk factors in host susceptibility to disease.

A 
age
sex
race
religion
customs
occupation
genetics
marital status
family background (genetics)
previous disease
prior immune status
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12
Q

Categories and examples of AGENTS (cause the disease)

A 
Biological 
-bacteria
-virus
-parasites and fungi
Chemical
-poison
-alcohol
-smoke 
-pollution
Physical
-trauma
-radiation
-fire
Nutritional 
-lack or excess (host becomes immunocompromised)
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13
Q

What may the agent require to get to the host?

A

A vector (a vehicle to get to the host)

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14
Q

What are environmental considerations/factors for disease?

A

contamination, temperature, humidity, altitude, crowding, housing, neighborhood, water, milk, food, radiation, air pollution, noise

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15
Q

Draw out the host-agent-environment interaction.

A 
l  Host   l
	       	      l	     I          l
		    l	Vector     l
		   l	 l           l      l
        Agent --------------------Environment

(host, agent, and environment are in a pyramid shape connected together, and the vector is in the center with lines extended out to each of the 3)

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16
Q

What are the portals of entry into the body?

A 
conjunctivita (eyes)
nose
mouth
trauma
skin lesion, skin
respiratory tract
breast
arthropod
syringe
urinary tract
genital tract, anus
alimentary tract
17
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Direct - person to person

Indirect - using a common vehicle (from the same source)

	- single, multiple, or continuous exposures
	- air, water, or vector
18
Q

On what does the potential for transmission and outbreak depend?

A

Characteristics of the organism (rate of growth, etc)
Route/mode of transmission (airborne, contact, etc)
Exposure frequency

19
Q

What are the 3 stages of disease?

A
  • clinically evident
  • pre-clinical (have it but show no signs)
  • latent/post-clinical (no signs but can still transmit it)

*disease is only manifest when clinical

20
Q

What are the levels of “silent” disease manifestation?

A

Preclinical

- preclinical disease: disease not apparent but will progress to clinical stage
- subclinical disease: not apparent but will not necessarily progress to clinical disease. (is only diagnosed then doing specialized testing such as titers).

Persistent Disease
-chronic carrier state: may have had clinical disease earlier (and never got rid of the disease, i.e. Hepatitis C)

Latent Disease
-recovered from the disease but there is a footprint (you have antibodies).

21
Q

Important points about clinical and subclinical diseases

A
  • manifestation of disease can be variable
  • transmission can occur even in the subclinical stage
  • in some, the clinical stage may never be reached but person still infectious
22
Q

4 factors influencing manifestation

A
  • virulence (ability of an agent to produce disease; a measure of the severity of the disease it is capable of causing)
  • site of entry
  • site of growth
  • host’s immune response
23
Q

Define epidemic.

A

the number of cases goes higher than you’d expect for an area (higher than baseline)

24
Q

Define endemic

A

disease is at a habitual presence for a geographic area; number of cases is expected for that region

25
Q

Define pandemic

A

disease involves the entire world.

26
Q

Outbreak determinant balance

A

the balance between susceptibility and immunity will result in an outbreak when an event moves he balance towards susceptibility.

27
Q

What is Herd Immunity?

A

Lessens the likelihood of an infected host coming into contact with a susceptible host. It is less likely for the agent to reach a person who is not immune if most others around are immune

28
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The time it takes for you to manifest or be able to transmit the disease from the time you get the disease

29
Q

Define the (primary) attack rate.

A

Attack rate = # of people at risk who developed the disease
________________________________________
Total number of people at risk for the disease

30
Q

Define incidence

A

the number of newly diagnosed cases in a time period

31
Q

Define prevalence.

A

the total number of cases in a period of time. (includes new and old cases)

32
Q

What are the criteria for successful herd immunity?

A
  • disease must be limited to a single host species
  • transmission must be relatively direct
  • infection must induce solid immunity
33
Q

What are the variables of outbreak analysis?

A
  • when did exposure take place?
  • when did the disease manifest?
  • what is the incubation period?

(you need at least 2 of these answers to be able to determine the third).

34
Q

What is the secondary attack rate?

A

secondary attack rate = the attack rate in the number of susceptible people who have been exposed to the primary case

it is a measure of person to person spread of disease (i.e. swine flu kid who first got it from the pig came into contact with 100 people and 70 got the disease – highly transmissible)

primary case = person who acquired the disease from exposure
secondary case = person who gets the disease from the primary case

Epidemiology (1 decks)

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