Classical Genetics

Question 1

Law of Segregation

Answer 1

homologous alleles (chromosomes) separate so that each gamete has one copy of each gene

Question 2

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 2

alleles of unlinked genes assort independently in meiosis

Question 3

Crossing Over

Answer 3

occurs during meiosis I (prophase), and can unlink genes

Question 4

Genes are more likely to be unlinked if they are:

Answer 4

farther away

Question 5

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

Answer 5

may skip generations

Question 6

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Answer 6

appears in every generation

Question 7

X-Linked Inheritance

Answer 7

no male to male transmission and males are more affected usually

Question 8

Complete Dominance

Answer 8

only one dominant and one recessive allele exist for a given gene

Question 9

Codominance

Answer 9

more than one dominant allele exist for a gene

Question 10

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 10

heterozygote expresses a phenotype that is in between the 2 homozygous genotypes

Question 11

Penetrance

Answer 11

population measure of the proportion of individuals carrying the allele who actually express the phenotype

Question 12

Expressivity

Answer 12

varying phenotypes despite identical genotypes

Question 13

Missense Mutations

Answer 13

one amino acid switched for another

Question 14

Nonsense Mutations

Answer 14

switched to a STOP codon

Question 15

Silent Mutations

Answer 15

mutation at wobble position, no change in amino acid

Question 16

Frameshift mutations

Answer 16

insertion and deletion mutations

Question 17

Duplication Chromosomal Mutations

Answer 17

a DNA segment is copied multiple times in a genome

Question 18

Inversion Chromosomal Mutations

Answer 18

occur when a segment of DNA is reversed within a chromosome

Question 19

Insertion Chromosomal Mutations

Answer 19

segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

Question 20

Translocation Chromosomal Mutations

Answer 20

segments of DNA from one chromosome is swapped with a segment from another chromosome

Question 21

5 Criteria for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 21

Large Population
No mutations in gene pool
Random Mating
No migration in or out
Genes are all equally successful at reproducing

Question 22

Hardy Weinberg Equation

Answer 22

p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

p= frequency of dominant allele
q= frequency of recessive allele
p^2= frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
2pq= frequency of heterozygous genotype
q^2= frequency of homozygous recessive genotype