Clinical EP Deck 1

Question 0

Systemic circulation

Answer 0

blood vessels in the rest of the body that carries blood (oxygenated and deoxygenated) to and from the entire body powered mainly by the left heart.

Question 1

Pulmonary circulation:

Answer 1

blood vessels within the lungs and those carrying blood to and from the lungs powered by the right heart.

Question 2

Coronary Circulation

Answer 2

part of the systemic circulation

supplies the oxygenated blood to heart through the coronary arteries and returns deoxygenated blood back to RA

Question 3

Mechanical Constraint on SV

Answer 3

heart is enclosed in a tough, fibrous sac called the pericardium
Absence of pericardium = ↑ VO2max of 8%.
↑ ventricular filling pressure (EDV)

Significance: absence in pericardium did NOT result in change of a-VO2 difference
Conclusion: extraction of O2 in the muscles did not affect VO2 max.

Question 4

Systole

Answer 4

Contraction phase of the heart in which the blood in the chambers are forced onward.

Question 5

Diastole

Answer 5

Relaxation phase of heart in which the chambers are filling with blood.

Question 6

Systole and Diastole

Answer 6

With the initiation of systole and ventricular emptying, the tricuspid and mitral valves close and the aortic and pulmonary valves open.
One ventricular systole to the next is known as one cardiac sequence. Therefore, the atrium create the smaller P wave and the larger ventricles produce the large R wave (on an electrocardiogram) in which we consider the “heart beat.”

Question 7

End diastolic volume (EDV)

Answer 7

the volume of blood in the heart at the end of ventricular diastole.

Question 8

End systolic volume (ESV)

Answer 8

the volume of blood in the heart at the end of ventricular systole.

Question 9

Stroke volume (SV)

Answer 9

the difference between EDV & ESV.

Question 10

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Answer 10

the % of EDV pumped with each beat.

Question 11

Cardiac Output (Q)

Answer 11

Exercise stresses the regulatory ability of the CV system.
Allows us to measure physiological function.
Cardiac output (Q) represents blood flow moved from the heart per minute
Can be measured:
EDV – ESV x HR
-or-
Q = SV x HR

Question 12

Types of Cardiac muscle cells

Answer 12

myocardial – Contain actin and myosin which give the cells the capability to shorten and cause contraction.
specialized (pacemaker) cells - These cells possess automaticity, which means they are capable of self-excitation.
They do not contract, but instead initiate and transmit electrical impulses at least 6 times faster than myocardial cells (because of more gap junctions).