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Psychology research methods > Clinical psychology > Flashcards

Clinical psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Case-studies in clinical psychology- What is the example?

A

Lavernne’s case study
-Investigate how an outpatient therapy group provides a ‘firm boundary’ for individuals to explore their sense of self

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2
Q

Case-studies A01- Linked to Lavarenne et al

A

1.Study of one person/event/ thing- one session of a therapy group consisting of 10 members who had a vulnerability to psychosis
2.In-depth data is collected- coding system used to record emotions expressed by the patients, as well as thoughts and verbal content
3. Case-studies include a case-history- knew of the patients living experiences/past history before they took part in the study
4. Useful for studying rare/unusual behaviour- case-study of the therapy session showed that interactions with other people force those with mental illness more and more into isolation

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3
Q

Case studies A03- Linked to Lavarenne et al

A
  1. May be difficult to generalise as its an idiographic approach- 10 members in the therapy session had their own unique history, and so were not representative of everyone with a mental illness
  2. Researchers may lack objectivity as they may become too involved in the case- Lavarenne at al may have come to know the individuals in the therapy group well, so she may interpret their behaviours in a certain way based on how they usually act
  3. Issues of confidentiality and the ability to give informed consent- the researchers did not tape or video-record the sessions, however the names of the participants are known e.g. Earl, and due to their unique experiences it may be possible to identify them
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4
Q

Interviews in clinical psychology- What is the example?

A

Vallentine et al
-Use of interviews to establish the usefulness of psycho-educational material for offenders in a high-security psychiatric hospital

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5
Q

Interviews A01- Linked to Vallentine et al

A
  1. Different types of interviews e.g. structured with pre-determined questions or unstructured with no pre-determined questions- Vallentine et al used semi-structured interviews to evaluate the participants experiences of the group
  2. Questions are usually open but there may also be closed questions- Vallentine at al used open questions and then, using qualitative analysis, decided 4 categories to analyse data from interviews e.g. ‘what was helpful about the group?”
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6
Q

Interviews A03- Linked to Vallentine et al

A

1.Useful to provide quantitative data that is a valid insight into how people think/feel- how the patients felt about the group and how it could be improved
2. Risk of interviewer bias- Vallentine et al may have tailored the questions asked in order to produce a certain type of data and answers, reducing the validity
3. Open questions

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7
Q

HCPC- What is it?

A

Health and Care Professions Council
-Develop and maintain standards amongst those who work in health-related professions

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8
Q

What are the 7 guidelines?

A
  1. Character
    -Providing a character reference from people who have known the person for at least 3 years
  2. Health
    -Ensure that any health problems that may affect the person’s ability to practice are disclosed
  3. Standards of proficiency
    -Standards set out that are necessary to protect the public e.g. accountability
  4. Standards of conduct, performance and ethics
    -Set out how all those registered should behave e.g. maintain patient confidentiality
  5. Standards for CPD
    -Continued Professional Training
  6. Standards for education and training
    -Minimum levels of qualification needed to register
  7. Standards for prescribing
    -The ability to safely prescribe medication
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9
Q

Longitudinal method- What is it? (A01)

A

-Research takes place over a long period of time
-Often involves a single sample group
-Compares the sample groups development or time-based change
-Changes are seen through patterns of measurement

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10
Q

What are examples of longitudinal research in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Used to monitor changes in symptoms for a sample group undergoing a certain treatment
  2. Boachie- observed the changes in 4 children using Olanzapine to treat anorexia nervosa- observed that they gained significant weight and experienced less fear of eating
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11
Q

What are the strengths of using longitudinal research in clinical psychology??

A
  1. There is no difficulty in making comparisons between different people that could be affected by individual differences
  2. Only way to reliably measure the effects of time on the certain behaviour, which is essential when considering the impact of treatments
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12
Q

What are the weaknesses of using longitudinal research in clinical psychology?

A
  1. The nature of the study (in that its over a long time) may mean there is a high drop out rate e.g. people may die, reducing the validity of the study as the sample size decreases
  2. Practical issue in that by the time data is published, it may be irrelevant, as clinical psychology is a fast-paced, constantly changing field and so findings may quickly become outdated
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13
Q

Cross-sectional research- what is it? (AO1)

A

-Used by researchers to take a ‘snapshot’ of a certain behaviour at a certain time
-Large sample used to get a good ‘cross-section’ of the population
-Conclusions drawn from the data gathered

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14
Q

What are examples of cross-sectional research in clinical psychology?

A

-Investigate the experience of schizophrenia across people of different ages e.g. take a sample of ppts with schizophrenia of different ages

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15
Q

What are the strengths of using cross-sectional research in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Data is drawn much more quickly, meaning conclusions can also be drawn more quickly
  2. Reports may be more valid because they are drawn at the time of the research rather than potentially several years later
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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of cross-sectional research in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Individual differences are likely to have a significant effect on the conclusions drawn, as different people are being studied e.g. impact of culture on diagnosis
  2. Issues of cohort effects as the research may be attributed to the effects of a participant being raised in a particular place or time e.g. anorexia patients may have been exposed to certain cultural ideals
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17
Q

Cross-cultural research- what is it? (A01)

A

-Taking samples from different cultural groups
-Enables researchers to draw comparisons based on the similarities and differences between different culture, to consider how culture may impact behaviour

18
Q

What are examples of cross-cultural research in clinical psychology?

A

-To see how culture may affect the diagnosis of mental disorders such as schizophrenia
-Luhramnn- Interviewed 60 American, Ghanian and Indian people with schizophrenia- 70% Americans said voice was negative, 50% Ghanians said voice was positive

19
Q

What are the strengths of using cross-cultural research in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Helps researchers identify abnormal behaviour that can be attributed to purely biological factors i.e. identify universal trends in behaviour that seem to be unaffected by cultural variation
  2. Reduces the level of ethnocentrism in research, improving the generalisability of findings e.g. the effectiveness of treatments
20
Q

What are the weaknesses of using cross-cultural research in clinical psychology?

A
  1. There is likely to be a conflict between the cultural values of some/all of the participants and the researcher , which may mean the findings lack validity if the researchers subjective interpretation of the behaviour varies from the participants cultural background
21
Q

Meta-analysis- what is it? (A01)

A

-Involves looking at secondary data from multiple studies and drawing the data to make overall conclusions
-Typically conducted when there is a large body of psychological research
-Conducted when research findings may be inconsistent, or conclusions can’t be drawn without comparing research
-Researchers seek out data from a variety of places, cultures and times, with the aim of bringing the findings together

22
Q

What are examples of meta-analysis in clinical psychology?

A

Carlsson et al- meta-analysis on the role of various neurotransmitters in schizophrenia e.g. dopamine, glutamate, serotonin

23
Q

What are examples of meta-analysis in clinical psychology?

A

Carlsson et al- meta-analysis on the role of various neurotransmitters in schizophrenia e.g. dopamine, glutamate, serotonin

24
Q

What are examples of meta-analysis in clinical psychology?

A

Carlsson et al- meta-analysis on the role of various neurotransmitters in schizophrenia e.g. dopamine, glutamate, serotonin

25
Q

What are the strengths of using a meta-analysis in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Conclusions can be drawn from a vast array of different areas, using a large sample which improves the generalisability
  2. Data can be collected very quickly and relatively cheaply
  3. No ethical concerns as the researcher has not conducted research on participants first-hand
26
Q

What are the strengths of using a meta-analysis in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Conclusions can be drawn from a vast array of different areas, using a large sample which improves the generalisability
  2. Data can be collected very quickly and relatively cheaply
  3. No ethical concerns as the researcher has not conducted research on participants first-hand
27
Q

What are the strengths of using a meta-analysis in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Conclusions can be drawn from a vast array of different areas, using a large sample which improves the generalisability
  2. Data can be collected very quickly and relatively cheaply
  3. No ethical concerns as the researcher has not conducted research on participants first-hand
28
Q

What are the weaknesses of using a meta-analysis in clinical psychology?

A
  1. There may be undisclosed issues of reliability and validity in the methods used to gather the data that the researcher is not aware of
  2. Risk of publication bias as research with null effect is likely to be published. Evidence produced by the meta-analysis is therefore often biased against research where no effect has been found
  3. Risk of researchers publishing data that has not been peer-reviewed
29
Q

Grounded theory- what is it? (A01)

A

-Research is conducted to gather information about something of interest and the theory gradually emerges from the data as its analysed aka inductive method
-Researcher identifies the area they are interested in
-Codes and categories are drawn out from the researcher’s observations
-Researchers can then review other literature and develop the theory in more detail

30
Q

What are the strengths of using grounded-theory in clinical psychology?

A
  1. As evidence is integrated into the theory, the theory itself should have high ecological validity
31
Q

What are the weaknesses of using grounded-theory in clinical psychology?

A
  1. If the researchers were bias in anyway in their data collection, the theory would be based on subjective opinion, rather than being ‘grounded in evidence’
  2. Issues in reliability if another researcher coding the same data comes to a different conclusion
  3. This research is likely to take a long time, particularly in analysing the information
32
Q

Thematic analysis- what is it? (A01)

A

-Used to analyse qualitative data
-Qualitative data is converted into quantitative data
-Data is broken down into meaningful ‘unit’s’
-Themes are identified and then conclusions are drawn

33
Q

What are the strengths of using thematic analysis in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Allows conclusions to be drawn from qualitative data which can be lengthy and difficult to analyse
  2. Can be used to summarise large data sets which makes the data more meaningful
34
Q

What are the weaknesses of using thematic analysis in clinical psychology?

A
  1. Very lengthy processes as every item is considered
  2. May be subjective i.e. choosing the themes
35
Q

Primary data- what is it (A01)

A

-Information/data that researchers gather themselves directly from a group of participants

36
Q

What are strengths of using primary data?

A
  1. Ensures that data is relevant to the specific study
  2. Can make sure that the sample used is representative
37
Q

What are weaknesses of using primary data?

A
  1. More time consuming to gather all of the data
  2. Researcher may face ethical considerations when gathering data
38
Q

Secondary data- what is it? (A01)

A

-Evidence that has been gathered by other researchers by accessing peer-reviewed articles, research or statistics

39
Q

What are strengths of using secondary data?

A
  1. Less time consuming for the researcher
  2. Offers more potential for the researcher to gather data from a large sample
40
Q

What are weaknesses of using secondary data?

A
  1. Cannot be sure that the sample taken was not bias
  2. Might be harder for the researcher to find relevant information for that specific study

Psychology research methods (1 decks)

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