Clinical Psychology Flashcards
Positive Psychology
- Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi
- subjective well-being
- use of scientific method
- PERMA model: Positive emotions, Engagement (flow), Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment-achievement
Personal Construct Therapy
- Kelly
- based on how people construe events, construing events in maladaptive way leads to undesirable behaviors
- therapist & client are partners
- goal is to replace maladaptive constructs
- fixed-role therapy
Reality Therapy
- based on choice theory; our wants/needs and how we try to get them met
- fulfilling needs responsibly leads to success identity, fulfilling needs while infringing on others’ rights leads to failure identity
- Goals: client assumes resposibility for actions and fulfills needs in more appropriate ways (success identity)
Existential Therapies
- ultimate concerns of existence: death, freedom, isolation, meaninglessness
- normative/existential anxiety vs neurotic anxiety
- Goal: authentic life
- Focus: authentic therapeutic relationship
Gestalt Therapy
- boundary disturbance –> neurosis
- boundary disturbances: introjection (accepts others’ views w/o thinking), retroflection (do to yourself what you’d like to do to others), projection (attribute bad things about self to others), deflection (avoid contact w/ environment), confluence (blur line between onself and others)
- Goal: gain awareness
- Techniques: empty chair technique, dream work
Person-Centered Therapy
- Rogers
- self-actualization threatened by incongruence (e.g., conditions of worth)
- ## unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence (genuine/authentic)
Freud’s Psychoanalysis
id, ego, superego
defense mechanisms:
- repression
- denial
- reaction formation (opposite)
- projection
- sublimation (sublime)
Technique
1. confrontation
2. clarification
3. interpretation
4. catharsis, insight, working through
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
- lifespan view, positive and negative influences
- collective unconscious (archetypes) and personal unconscious
- Goal: unconscious into consciousness, individuation
Adler’s Individual Psychology
- feelings of inferiority, strive for superiority
- style of life- healthy style of life (includes well-being of others) vs mistaken style of life (only selfish goals)
- Goal: healthy style of life, overcome feelings of inferiority
- Techniques: act ‘as if’
Object Relations Theory
- early caregiver-child relationship influences future relationships
- object constancy
1. normal autistic stage
2. normal symbiotic stage
3. separation-individuation stage
a) differentiation
b) practicing
c) rapprochement
d) beggining of object constancy - Goal: corrective reparenting experience to imrpove current relationships
- techniques: empathic acceptance, psychoanalytic strategies
Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
- quick change is possible
- therapy has limited goals
- only for certain types of clients
- quickly establish therapeutic alliance
- emphasize positie transference
- address termination early
Interpersonal Thearpy
- medical model (depression as treatable illness)
- adapted for Bipolar and eating disorders
- goals: reduce x’s, increase interpersonal effectiveness
- initial stage- ‘sick role’, identify interpersonal context and primary problem area
- middle phase- address problem area (role playing, encourage affect)
- final stage- termination & relapse prevention
Depression problem areas: interpersonal role transition/confusion, interpersonal deficits, grief
.
Solution Focused Therapy
- solutions (vs etiology) of problems
- strategies: miracle question, exception questions, scaling questions
- structured sessions: ask questions, provide feedback, assign HW
Transtheoretical Model
6 stages of change
1. precontemplation- not in next 6 months, consciousness raising, dramatic relief, environmental reevaluation
2. contemplation- maybe in next 6 months add self-reevaluation
3. preparation- preparing for next month add self-liberation
4. action- contingency management, stimulus control, counterconditioning
5. maintenance- maintained for 6 months relapse prevention w/ above strategies
6. termination- low risk for relapse
- decisional balance (pros and cons)- most important in contemplation stage
- self-efficacy (can I change)- most important in contemplation to preparation, and preparation to action
- temptation- most important in first stages of change
Motivational Interviewing
- based on transtheoretical model, person-centered therapy, Bandura’s self-eficacy model
- most useful during precontemplation & contemplation
- Engaging (therapeutic relationship), focusing (focus of change), evoking (client’s own motivation for change), planning (commitment and plan of action)
- OARS: open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, summaries
- increase change talk (reduce sustain talk), deal with discord (in therapeutic relationship)
- developing discrepancy, rollining with resistance
- effective as standalone, and makes other interventions (e.g., CBT) more effective
