CN1: Defining Culture & Cultural Norms Flashcards
Herskovits (1948) defines culture as…
the human made part of the environment
Moghaddam (1993) says that humans have an…
interactive relationship with culture - we shape culture and we are also shaped by it
Jahoda (1978) believes that the reason for our progress and civilization today…
is because of cultural evolution rather than biological evolution
Matsumoto (2004) mentions a book from 1998 that analyzed…
128 different definitions of culture
Culture is a _______ concept that is used in ____ _________ ways.
Culture is a complex concept that is used in many different ways.
Triandis (1990) states that culture has…
objective and subjective elements
Objective and subjective elements of culture are also called…
Surface and deep culture
Kuschel (2004) says that culture cannot be…
seen but we can see the manifestations of culture
Kuschel claims that culture should not be used as
an explanation of behaviour
Descriptions of ________ _______ can be…
cultural factors, used to understand behaviour
Some cultural factors include:
how people have survived in their environment, how they have organized life in social groups, beliefs, attitudes, norms that influence behaviour
If culture is used as an explanation for behaviour it will lead to…
circular arguments according to Kuschel. You should also avoid cultural reductionism
Lonner (1995) says that culture can be defined as…
common rules that regulate interactions and behaviour in a group
Hofstede (2002) described culture as…
mental software, that is, cultural schemas that have been internalized so that they influence thinking, emotions, and behaviour
Culture is defined by Matsumoto (2004) as…
a dynamic system of rules, explicit and implicit, established by groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms and behaviours
