Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CNS > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

neuronal injury can be an:

A

acute process

slower process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

consequence of the depletion of oxygen, glucose or trauma

A

acute process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

accumulation of protein aggregates, as occurs in degenerative disorders of the brain

A

slower process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

refers to a spectrum of changes that accompany acute CNS hypoxia/ischemia

A

acute neuronal injury (red neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

earliest morphological marker of neuronal cell death

A

acute neuronal injury (red neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

red neuron is evident by about ____ hrs after an irreversible hypoxic /ischemic insult

A

12-24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

morphologic features of red neuron

DILPS

A 
disapperance of the nucleolus
intense eosinophilia of the cytoplasm
loss of nisl substance
pyknosis of the nucleus
shrinkage if the cell body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

neuronal death as a result of a progressive disease of some duration

A

subacute and chronic neuronal injury (degeneration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

examples of subacute and chronic neuronal injury

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

histologic features of subacute and chrinic neuronal injury

A

reactive gliosis

cell loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

best indicator of neuronal injury

A

reactive gliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

changed observed in the cell body during regeneration of the axon

A

axonal reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

axonal reaction is best seen in ________ of the spinal cord when motor axons are cut or seriousl damaged

A

anterior horn cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

classsic hallmark of axonal regeneration where there is increased protein synthesis associated with axonal sparring

A

central chromatolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most important histopathologic indicator of CNS injury characterized by both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes

A

gliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a cell type specific intermediate filament

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: astrocytes act as metabolic buffers and detoxifiers w/n the brain

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: astrocytes become gemistocytic astrocytes

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Accumulation of excessive CSF within the ventricular system

A

Hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

organ that produces CSF

A

Choroid Plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Production of CSF

A

Choroid Plexus —> lateral ventricle –> formaen of monroe–> third ventricle—> cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius—> Foramen of Magendie Luschka–> subarachnoid space—>arachnoid villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes of Hydrocephalus

A

impaired flow and resorption of CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

if hydrocephalus develops in infance before the closure of the suture os the head….

A

increase in the circumference of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

if hydrocephalus develops after the closure of the sutures…

A

expansion of ventricles and increase in intercranial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Types of Hydrocephalus

A

Communicating
Non-communicating
Hydrocephalus Ex Vacuo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe Non communicating hydrocephalus

A
  • only a portion is enlarged due to obstruction in the ventricular system
  • dies not communicate with the subarachnoid space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe communicating hydrocephalus

A
  • has communication with the subarachnoid space

- enlargement of the entire ventricular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

dilation of the ventricular system with a compensatory increase in CSF volume secondary to a loss of brain parenchyma

A

Hydrocephalus Ex Vacuo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

displacement brain tissue due to increase in intercranial pressure

A

Herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain Monroe-Kellie Doctrine

A

The CNS and its accompanying fluids are confined in one container whose total volume of one component will elevate pressure and decrease the volume of one of the other elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Monroe-Kellie Equation

A

CCP=MAP-ICP

CCP- cerebral perfusion pressure
MAP= mean arterial pressure
=(systolic BP + 2 diastolic BP)/3
ICP=intracranial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

unilateral or asymmetric expansion of the cereral hemisphere that displace the cingulate gyrus under the falx that also causes impingement of the anterior cerebral artery

A

subfalcine herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

medial temporal lobe compressed against the free margin of tentorium

A

transtentorial herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

contralateral cerebral peduncle compression that reaults to he,iparesis of the contralateral side of the herniation

A

Kernohan’s notch

35
Q

secondary hemorrhagic lesions in midbrain and pons

these linear or flame-shaped lesions usually occur in the midline and paramedian regions

A

Duret hemorrhages

36
Q

displacement of cerebellar tonsils through foramne magnum

A

Tonsillar herniation

37
Q

T/F

Tonsillar herniation is not life-threatening at all.

A

False

if is life threatening because the brainstem it can compress the brainstem

38
Q

this malformation defects are due to failure to close or reopen a region in a neural tube

A

Neural tube defects

39
Q

diverticulum of a malformed brain tissue extending through a defect in the cranium

A

encephalocele

40
Q

Usually occurs in the posterior fossa, although comparable extensions of brain occur through the cribiform plate and the anterior fossa

A

encepahlocele

41
Q

failure of the closure of the posterior neuropore

A

spinal bifida

42
Q

Spina Bifida

asymptomatic body defect:
severe cord malformation:

A

Spina bifida; meningocoele

43
Q

Extension of the CNS tissue through a defect in the vertebral column that occur commonly in the lumbosacral region

A

myelomeningocele

44
Q

Failure of closure to the anterior neuropore

A

anencephaly

45
Q

other features of anencephaly

A

absence of brain and calvarium

flattened remnant of disorganized brain tissue

46
Q

enumerate posterior fossa anomalies

A

dandy-walker malformation
arnold-chiari malforamtion
chiari type 1 malformation

47
Q

characteristics of dandy walker malformation (CHEN)

A

cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle
hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis
enlarged posterior fossa
non communicating hydrocephalus

48
Q

characterized as downward extension of cerebellar vermis through the foramen magnum; hydrocephalus; lumbar myelomeningocele

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

49
Q

low lying cerebellar tonsils extend down into the vertebral canal

A

Chiari type 1

50
Q

alterd consciousness secondary to head injury

A

concussions

51
Q

characteristic of concussions

A

loss of consciousness
loss of reflexes
temporary respiratory arrest

52
Q

caused transmission of KE to the brain

A

direct parenchymal injury

53
Q

differnce between contusion and laceration

A

contusion - bruise caused by blunt r
trauma
laceration- penetration of an object and tearing tissue

54
Q

occur at the site if the impact

A

coup injuries

55
Q

occur at the opposite side of the impact

A

contrecoup injuries

56
Q

yellowish brown patches that usually occurs at contrecoup injuries

A

Plaque jaune

57
Q

T/F

deep white matter regions of the brain are always safe from injuries

A

false

aside from the suface of the brain… white matter can also have traumatic injuries (diffuse axonal injury)

58
Q

epidural hematoma

A

arterial bleed which creates a blood-filled space between the bone and the dura

59
Q

T/F: in epidural hematoma, the dura separates from the inner surface
of the skull

A

TRUE

60
Q

in epidural hematoma there is a fracture in the ___________ where the______________ courses beneath

A

temporoparietal bone; middle meningeal artery

61
Q

shaoe of lesion in epidural hematoma

A

lenticular shaped lesion

62
Q

describe acute subdural hematoma

A
  • along the surface
  • brain is flattened
  • subarachnoid space is clear
63
Q

multiple episodes of repeat bleeding

A

chronic subdural hematoma

64
Q

epidural vs subdural

A 
epidural 
-lentiform
-arterial 
-middle meningeal artery
subdural
-crescent
-venous
-bridging vein
65
Q

aka diffuse ischemic/hypoxic encephalopathy

A

global cerebral ischemia

66
Q

generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion

A

Global cerebral ischemia

67
Q

______ infarcts usually occur in the regions of the brain and spinal cord that lie at the most distal reaches of the arterial blood supply

A

border zone (watershed)

68
Q

Neuronal loss and gliosis are uneven, with preservation of some layers and destruction of other producing a layer in the cerebral neocortex

A

pseudolaminar necrosis

69
Q

infarction of a specific region within the distribution of a compromised vessel

A

focal cerebral ischemia

70
Q

focal cerebral ischemia may be due to:

A

vasculitis, embolization and thrombosis

71
Q

Diff white and red infarcts

A

white infarcts: reactive gliosis, red neuron and liquefactive necrosis
red infarcts: parallel to white infarcts but with extravasation and resorption of the blood

72
Q

development of small cavitary infarcts which resemble a lake-like space (lacunae)

A

lacunar infarcts

73
Q

occurence of lacunar infarcts im decreasing frequency

LTIDCP

A 
lenticular nucleus
thalamus
internal capsule
deep white matter
caudate nucleus
pons
74
Q

rupture of small caliber penetrating vessels that leaves behind a slit-like cavity

A

slit hemorrhages

75
Q

clinicopathologic syndrome that arises in an individual with malignant hypertension

A

hypertensive encephalopathy

76
Q

most common cause of intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

hypertension

77
Q

second most common cause of intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

cerebral amyloid angiopathy

78
Q

minute aneurysms aka

A

charcot-bouchard microaneurysms

79
Q

most frequent cause of clinically significant subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

intracranial aneurysms

80
Q

most common type of intracranial aneurysms

A

saccral anuerysm

81
Q

most common demyelinating disease

A

multiple sclerosis

82
Q

most common cause of dementia

A

alzheimer’s disease

83
Q

clinical presentation of alzheimer’s disease

A

impairment of higher intellctual function

progressive disorientation, aphasia, memory loss

CNS (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions