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Embryology Dev & Fxn > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 1st indication of development of the CNS?

A

Development of the Neural Plate. Develops during 3rd wk GA (w/neural groove)

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2
Q

What does the Neural plate become?

A

The future CNS

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3
Q

When does the Neural Plate first appear?

A

Day 18

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4
Q

What layer does the Neural Plate arise from?

A

The Epiblast layer.

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5
Q

What 2 structures of the Neural Plate are visible by the 4th wk GA?

A
  1. The Cranial portion-gives rise to the Brain. 2. The Caudal portion-(narrow part) becomes the Spinal Cord.
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6
Q

What is Neurulation?

A

The process of the Neural Plate developing into the Neural Tube.

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7
Q

The Neural Plate appears near the _________ ______. It enlarges and forms the ________ _____. There are _________ _______ on each side of the neural groove.

A

Primitive Node Neural Groove Neural Folds

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8
Q

Formation of the Neural Tube begins during the _____ wk GA. The Cranial 2/3 is the future _______. The Caudal 1/3 is the ______ ______.

A

4th-at the level of the 1st–5 Somites Brain Spinal Cord

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9
Q

Fusion of the Neural Folds proceeds in what fashion/direction?

A

Cranial to caudal

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10
Q

What do the first 5 Somites give rise to?

A

Skeleton–vertebral column, occipital bone. Voluntary muscles–neck, body wall, & limbs Part of Dermis–neck, & trunk

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11
Q

By what day does the Cranial Neuropore close?

A

25th Day

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12
Q

If the Cranial Neuropore does not close, what happens?

A

Anencephaly

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13
Q

When does the Caudal part of the Neuropore close?

A

27th Day (or 2 days after the Cranial part)

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14
Q

What happens if the Caudal part of the Nueropore does not close?

A

Spina Bifida

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15
Q

Vascular circulation develops at the same time as formation of the __________ _____.

A

Neural Tube

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16
Q

The 1st 4 pair of Somites are the________ ________.

A

Occipital Region

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17
Q

The 2nd 8 pair of Somites are the _________ _________

A

Cervical Region

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18
Q

The Thoracic region contains _____ pair of Somites.

A

12

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19
Q

The Lumbar Region contains ______ pair of Somites.

A

5

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20
Q

The Coccygeal Region contains______ pari of Somites.

A

3

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21
Q

Cells of the Neural Plate also form?

A

Neural Crest Cells

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22
Q

_______ _______ _____ also migrate to diverse locations of the body.

A

Neural Crest Cells

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23
Q

The Neural Crest Cells initiate __________ & _____________ nerves.

A

Sensory & Autonomic

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24
Q

Name the 3 layers of the Neural Tube

A
  1. Ventricular Zone (nearest the lumen-ependymal layer) 2. Intermediate Zone (mantle layer) 3. Marginal Zone (marginal layer)
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25
Q

The __________ zone gives rise to all neurons & microglial cells.

A

Ventricular zone

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26
Q

What do Microglial cells do?

A

Act as First & Main form of active immune defense in CNS. (key cells in overall brain maintenance–they scavenge for damage, plaque, etc)

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27
Q

The Ventricular zone of the spinal cord contains these 2 types of cells that serve as what?

A
  1. Neuroblasts–future nerve cells (neurons) 2. Glioblasts–future supporting cells/Nueroglial cells (Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes) Astrocytes: link nerve cells to blood vessels Oligodendrocytes: produce Myelin in CNS
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28
Q

What is contained in the Marginal Zone of the Spinal cord?

A
  1. White matter 2. Axons grow into it from nerve cells in the spinal cord, spinal ganglia, & brain
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29
Q

What develops in the Intermediate Zone of the Spinal cord? What does the Intermediate Zone separate?

A

Neurons develop here Separates the Ventricular & Marginal Zones

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30
Q

The Sulcus Limitans (located on each side of the Neural Tube) is a groove that separates cells in the walls of the NT. What does the Sulcus Limitans Develop?

A

The Alar plate and Basal Plate–which give rise to the Afferent (Sensory) and Efferent (Motor) Nerve fibers.

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31
Q

The Alar plate is known as the _______ ______ ______ and contains________ nerves.

A

Dorsal Gray Horn

Afferent (sensory) Neurons

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32
Q

The Basal plate contains __________neurons and contains the ventral and lateral gray horns.

A

Motor (Efferent) neurons

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33
Q

The Spinal Meninges form a membrane over the brain and Spinal cord. They inlcude what 2 layers?

A
  1. The Dura Mater (the external layer)
  2. The Leptomeninges (the internal layer)
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34
Q

What is the name of the 2 internal layers of the Leptomeninges?

A
  1. Pia Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater

The subarachnoid space (where CSF circulates) is beetween the Pia and Arachnoid mater.

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35
Q

What zone forms the White Matter?

A

The Marginal Zone

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36
Q

The Neural Crest cells mingle with the supportive tissue of the Neural Tube forming _____________ which contain _______

A

Leptomeninges

CSF

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37
Q

What does CSF do?

A

Provides a cushion or buffer for the brains Cortex (mechanical and immunologic).

Serves vital function in Cerebral Autoregulation r/t Cerebral Blood Flow.

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38
Q

What are the fluid-filled spaces within the Leptomeninges?

A

Surabarachnoid space

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39
Q

CSF begins to form in the ______ wk GA and is produced by the ________ ______ in the ventricles.

A

5th wk

Choroid Plexus

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40
Q

When does Myelination begin?

How long does it continue?

A

2nd Trimester

Into 1st yr of life

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41
Q

Myelin sheaths form around __________ _______ in the spinal cord.

A

Nerve Fibers

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42
Q

Incomplete Myelinization alters what?

A

The speed of impulse conduction (it does not alter function)

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43
Q

Myelinization first appears in the __________ Nervous System in ________fibers before _______ fibers.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

Motor before Sensory

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44
Q

In Myelinization of the CNS, the _________ fibers appear before _________fibers.

A

Sensory fibers before Motor.

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45
Q

Are Fiber tracts functional at the same time they are Myelinated?

A

Yes.

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46
Q

Myelin is a Lipoprotein. Adequate intake of _____ and ________ is required for normal myelinization.

A

Fat & Protein

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47
Q

Myelinization is A/W ________ & __________

A

Cognition & Learning

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48
Q

Does Myelin continue to develop after Embryonic Dev?

A

Yes, into adulthood.

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49
Q

_________ ___________ are formed by Oligodendrocytes in the CNS.

A

Myelin Sheaths

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50
Q

Myelin Sheaths wrap around ______ ______.

A

Nerve Axons

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51
Q

In the PNS, ________ _____ form Meylin Sheaths

A

Schwann Cells

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52
Q

In the PNS, ________ nuerons are meylinated before ________ neurons.

A

Motor before Sensory

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53
Q

During the 4th wk GA, failure of the fusion of > 1 Neural Arches of the developing verterbrae leads to?

A

Nerual Tube Defects–affects tissues that overlie the Spinal Cord.

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54
Q

What is the name of the Neural Tube defect that occurs when the Neural Arches don’t fuse?

A

Spina Bifida

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55
Q

Name the 2 broad classes of Spina Bifida

A
  1. Spina Bifida Occulta
  2. Spina Bifida Cystica
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56
Q

What are the 2 types of Spina Bifida Cystica?

A
  1. Spina Bifida w/Meingocele
  2. Spina Bifida w/Meningomyelocele
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57
Q

Name the 2 types of S.B. w/Meningomyelocele.

Which is the most severe form?

A
  1. Myeloschisis
  2. Meroencephaly

Most Severe form: Myeloschisis

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58
Q

Where does Spina Bifida Occulta Occur?

A

L5 or S1

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59
Q

What would you see with Spina Bifida Occulta?

A

Small dimple w/hair tuft from it

60
Q

Does Spina Bifida Occulta have adverse signs?

A

No, few have a functionally significant defect

61
Q

What is Spina Bifida Cystica?

A

A protrusion of the Spinal Cord & Meninges through a verterbral arch defect

It is a Meningeal Cyst

62
Q

What is the incidence of Spina Bifida Cystica?

A

1:5000 births

63
Q

S.B. with Meningocele, the cyst contains ________ & ____.

A

Meninges & CSF

64
Q

In S.B. with Meningomyelocele, the cyst contains _____ _______ or _______ _______.

A

Spinal Cord

or

Nerve Roots

65
Q

What is Meroencephaly?

A

Absence of the skull cap, most of the brain & facial abnormalities

*it is NOT Anencephaly

66
Q

What is the most common Cycstic S.B.?

A

Meningomyelocele–is more severe than S.B. with meningocele

67
Q

The most common location for Meningomyelocele is?

A

Lumbar & Sacral region, but can occur anywhere on the spinal cord

68
Q

_____% of those with Meningomyelocele have Hydrocephalus.

What malformation is typically seen?

A

_>_90%

Arnold-Chiari (specifically type 2) malformation

69
Q

What is Arnold-Chiari Malformaiton?

A

Downward displacement of the undersurface of the cerebellum through the opening at the base of the skull.

Can cause non-communicating Hydrochephalus (outflow obstruction of CSF).

If it’s communicating, the problem is w/CSF reabsorption

70
Q

____________ is the most severe form of Myelomeningocele.

A

Meloschisis

71
Q

What is Myeloschisis?

A
  • Most severe form Meningomyelocele
  • Flat, plate-like mass of N. tissue w/no overlying membrane
  • Nerves and tissue exposed–prone to Meningitis
  • Spinal cord & Nerves not properly developed at level of defect
  • Paralysis & loss of sensation (& bowel/bladder) below defect
72
Q

Development of the Brain begins _____ wk GA?

A

3rd

73
Q

The brain develops from the Neural Tube Cranial to the _____ pair of Somites

A

Cranial to the 4th pair

74
Q

What are the 3 Primary brain vesicles to develop?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

Mesenephalon (Midbrain)

Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

75
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)?

A
  1. Metencephalon
  2. Meylencephalon
76
Q

During the ____ wk GA, the Prosencephalon (Forebrain) further divides into what 2 structures?

A

5th wk GA

  1. Telencephalon (the Cerebral Hemispheres, Cortex, & Olfactory system)
  2. Diencephalon (the Thalamus, & Hypothalamus)
77
Q

The Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) divides into: (3 areas)

A
  1. Metencephalon (Rostral End, just above Meyl.)-Metencephalon-Pons & Cerebellum
  2. Meylencephalon (Caudal End)-Medulla Oblongata
  3. 4th Ventricle (the Cavity of the Hindbrain)
78
Q

The Roof of the 4th ventricle is covered by ____ _______.

A

Pia Mater

79
Q

Part of the Pia Mater covering the roof of 3rd & 4th ventricle is the ___ _________

A

Tela Choroidea

80
Q

The Tele Choroidea invaginates the 4th ventricles and becomes the _______ ______.

A

Choroid Plexus (which secretes CSF)

81
Q

The Caudal part of the Mesencephalon (Midbrain) forms the _______ ________ between the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

82
Q

_____________ ______ migrate from the Alar Plate forming large groups of neurons important for visual & auditory reflexes.

A

Nueroblast Cells

83
Q

The Forebrain contains ______ _________ that are lateral outgrowths

A

Optic Vesicles

84
Q

The Optic Vesicles are the sites for the _______ & ______ ________.

A

Retina & Optic Nerves

85
Q

The Forebrain develops the ___________ hemispheres. There are 2 parts, name them.

A

Cerebral

  1. Telencephalon (Anterior part)
  2. Diencephalon (Posterior part)
86
Q

The Telencephalon and Diencephalon contribute to formation of what?

A

3rd Ventricle

87
Q

In the Diencephalon, there are 3 swellings in the lateral walls of 3rd ventricle. They become the:

A
  1. Epithalamus (later Pineal Gland-which secretes Seratonin)
  2. Thalamus (grows rapidly, reducing size of 3rd ventricle)
  3. Hypothalamus (very important for linking the N.S. to endocrine system via Pituitary Gland)
88
Q

The Pineal body (gland) develops in the?

A

Roof of Diencephalon

89
Q

The Pituitary Gland and Infandibulum (Pituitary stalk that connects the Hypothalamus to Posterior Pituitary) develops here

A

Dencephalon

90
Q

The telencephalon develops what?

A

The Cerebral hemispheres

91
Q

The Telencephalon expand covering what 3 structures?

A
  1. The Diencephalon
  2. The Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. The Metencephalon (Hindbrain)
92
Q

Growth of the cerebral hemispheres shapes the _________.

A

Ventricles (C-shaped)

93
Q

Regarding the Telencephalon:

The Caudal End becomes the _____________.

The Rostral End becomes the ______________.

The Superior End becomes the ______________.

The ________ ____________ is also formed here.

A

Temporal lobe

Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

Corpus Striatum

94
Q

The Corpus Striatum is a major input station for the?

A

Basal Ganglion (which is A/W involuntary movement, learning routine behaviors/habits, eye movements, cognition, emotional functions)

95
Q

The Corpus Striatum appears during the ____ wk GA.

Lines the _____ of each hemisphere.

Causes hemispheres to become ___ shaped.

A

6th wk GA

Floor

C-shaped

96
Q

The Corpus Striatum is divided into what 2 structures?

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus (learning/memory)
  2. Putamen (regulation of movement & learning-uses Dopamine to perform fxns)
97
Q

Name in Chronological order the Somatic & Special sensory systems.

A
  1. Touch
  2. Proprioception (perception of the body in space)
  3. Vestibular
  4. Chemoreception (smell/taste)
  5. Hearing
  6. Vision
98
Q

At ____-____ wks the sensory recceptors are abundant throughout the fetus.

A

20-22 wks GA

99
Q

By ____ wks GA, noxious stimuli causes a response.

A

24 wks GA

100
Q

Proprioception is interrelated with _______ & ________ receptors.

A

Tactile & Vestibular receptors

101
Q

The Olfactory marker protein is present by ______ wks GA

A

28 wks GA

102
Q

During the ____ month gestation, fetal smell receptors are developed

A

3rd month gestation

103
Q

At _____ wks GA, the preterm infant responds to odors, most by ____ wks.

A

28 - 32 wks

104
Q

Taste buds are stimulated & activated by the _______ nerve.

A

Trigeminal

105
Q

Taste buds appear by ____-____ wks,

mature by ______-_____ wks

A

7-8 wks

13-15 wks

106
Q

Taste receptors are present by ____ wks

A

16 wks

107
Q

Premature infants responde to sweet taste by ____ wks

& Consistently by ____-____ wks

A

24 wks

28-32 wks

108
Q

The Auditory system is mature to support hearing by ____ wks GA

A

20 wks

109
Q

Fetal hearing begins at ____ - ____ wks GA

Sound sensitivity rapidly increases from ____-____ wks

A

24-25 wks

24-35 wks

110
Q

During the 3rd trimester a fetus can descrimiate between:

A

Live vs. Recorded maternal voice

Familiar vs. Novel sound

111
Q

When does a preterm infant responde to sound?

A

25 wks

112
Q

What is neuronal plasticity?

A

The ability/quality of the neuron to be shaped, change structure, and function.

113
Q

The more immature the _______ the impact on plasticity.

A

greater the impact

114
Q

Sensory input cna have either _________ or __________ effects.

A

positive or negative

115
Q

There is concern when Noise level reaches ________dB

This can cause cochlear damage

A

>45 dB

116
Q

Whichis the first area sensitive to touch in the fetus?

Trunk

Mouth

Soles of Feet

A

Mouth

117
Q

The first electrical synapse appears by ___-___ wks GA

Cortical synapse by _____ wks

A

8-9 wks

23 wks

118
Q

Early neuronal activity is characterized by what 3 things?

A
  1. Slow conduction velocity
  2. Slow synaptic potentials
  3. Slow synaptic transmission
119
Q

The speed of nueronal electrical conduction increases with ____________.

A

Myelinization

120
Q

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is characterized by tight junctions between (3 things):

A
  1. Endothelial cells forming the capillaries (limiting diffusion into the tissues)
  2. Basement membrane of endothelial cells
  3. Astrocyte foot processes surrounding the capillaries (processes are anchoring sites to keep capillaries in place)
121
Q

What hinders BBB crossage?

A

Tight Junctions

122
Q

In a preterm infant, junctions…..

A

Are not well formed

123
Q

Junctions can be altered by (3 things).

This results in increased risk capillary leakage & brain hemorrhage

A
  1. Asphyxia
  2. Hemorrhage
  3. Hypercarbia
124
Q

What is the fxn of Cerebral Autoregulation?

A

Local control of brain blood flow

Compensation for changes in blood pressure

125
Q

What are some systemic factors that alter cerebral blood flow?

A

Changes in:

pH, PaO2, & PaCO2

126
Q

In the neonate, Cerebral Autoregulation IS/IS NOT restricted?

A

IS restricted.

Leading to increased risk of too much or little blood flow & bleeding from vascular rupture

127
Q

What is the goal of Cerebral Autoregulation?

A

Constant blood flow

With impairment, there is inability to respond to low or high b/p

(low b/p= ischemia & hypoxia)

128
Q

Cerebral pressure and blood flow is a fxn of?

A

GA

129
Q

Cerebral Blood flow is a fxn of?

A

Blood Pressure

130
Q

Immature Autoregulation + b/p sensitive to cerebral blood flow =

A

Increased risk of ischemia & capillary rupture

131
Q

What effects chan caregiving have on cerebral autoregulation?

A

Effects systemic B/P’s

(handling, suctioning, etc)

132
Q

What 2 areas of the brain are most susceptible to damage?

A
  1. Subependymal Germinal Matrix
  2. Periventricular White Matter
133
Q

w/PVL (in the white matter), there is ___________ blood flow & metabolism–>

increased risk of damage from hypoxemia –>

limited cerebral autoregulation

A

Decreased blood flow

134
Q

Inthe grey matter there is ____________ blood flow and metabolism–>

less affected by hypoxic insult

A

Increased blood flow

135
Q

The grey matter consist of?

It is the regions of muscle control, snesory pereption (seeing, hearing, memory), emotions, & speech

A

Neuronal cell bodies

Myelinated and Unmyelinated axons

Astrocytes & Oligodendrocytes

Capillaries

136
Q

The Germinal Matrix is known as the _______ ______ area of the brain b/c it’s

very ___________.

A

Water shed

Vascular

137
Q

The fragile capillary network of the GM make it?

A

Sensitive to rupture

138
Q

When does the GM start to involute?

When is it nearly complete?

A

During the 2nd trimester

Nearly complete by 36 wks

*so >36 wks, no worry so much about GM IVH

139
Q

Hypertension leads to?

Hypotension leads to?

A

Rupture of vessels

Infarcted areas after Reperfusion

140
Q

The GM has _________ venous drainage

A

Limited

141
Q

Hemorrhage & brain edema occur with?

A

Systemic hypoxia (hypotension)

Decreased cerebral blood flow

(both of which–>ischemia–>hypoxic ischemic damage to brain with hemorrhage & edema)

142
Q

Infants below _____ GA are at increased risk PVL r/t bleeding in the subependymal GM?

A

< 34 wks GA

143
Q

PVL creates?

What causes PVL?

A

Nerotic changes/holes in the brain tissue (white matter)

Blood flow impaired by Hypotension

144
Q

HIE is seen in _____ _________ or full-term infants

A

Older premature

145
Q

HIE causes damage to the Cerebral Cortex including:

A

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

146
Q

What is the result of HIE?

A

Cerebral Edema

147
Q
A

Embryology Dev & Fxn (3 decks)

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