Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology 2nd Sem Prelim > CNS part 1 > Flashcards

CNS part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atrophy

reduction in brain weight or selective decrease in mass of specific region

Example

A

Huntingtons disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Injuries that kill neurons abruptly create cellular debris which elicits phagocytosis

A

Neuronophagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nuclear & Cytoplasmic inclusions appear in neurons : viral encephalitides and degenerative diseases

A

Intra neuronal inclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Star-shaped cells, also neuroectodermal in origin

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fibrillary astrocytes

A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Multiply in and about localized sites of tissue injury •Proliferation of fibrillary astrocytes is induced over a period of several days

A

Astrogliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disease that progress with little attention by astrocytes

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

–Alzheimer disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

severe astrogliosis and globose cells around blood vessels

A

Krabbe disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prone to neoplastic transformation

–Responsible for dominant family of gliomas

A

Fibrillary astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

uncommon antecedents of cancer

A

Protoplasmic astrocytomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Appear within the brains of all aged persons with predilection for the subpial and subependymal regions

A

Corpora amylacea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Myelin-producing cells of the CNS and are related to astrocytes – both are neuroectodermal in origin
•Have dark rounded nuclei which resembles those of lymphocytes •Thin rim of cytoplasm surrounds the nuclues

A

Oligodendrogilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phagocytic elements of the CNS accounting for 5% of all glial cells

A

Microglial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

exophytic masses protruding into a ventricle (4th )

–Also constitute a common intramedullary tumor of the spinal cord and filum terminale

A

Ependymomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

formed by microglia and astrocytes and characterize viral, rickettsial and protozoal infection

A

Microglial nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

exhibit a prominent elongated nuclues: rod cells

–With necrosis, they become distended by lipid droplets and other cellular debris: gitter cells

A

Reactive microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Refers to the defective closure of the dorsal aspect of the vertebral column

A

NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (DYSRAPHIC STATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An NTD that is most common in the lumbosacral region

A

Spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

restricted to the vertebral arches; asymptomatic; dimple or small tuft of hair

A

Spina bifida oculta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

more extensive bony and soft tissue defect permits protrusion of the meninges as a fluidfilled sac.
•The lateral aspect of the sac are characteristicaly covered by skin, whereas the apex is usually ulcerated

A

Meningocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

refers to a more extensive defect that exposes the spinal canal and causes the nerve roots, particularly those of the cauda equina to be entrapped in subcutaneous scar tissue

A

Meningomyelocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the spinal column is converted into a gaping canal, often without a recognizable spinal cord

A

Rachischisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spina bifida pathogenesis

A

Failure of closure of the neural tube

–Maternal Folic acid deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Congenital absence of all or part of the brain

A

Anencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pathogenesis of anencephaly

A

Closure of the anterior neuropore •Disturbed angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anencephaly pathology

Absence of the cranial vault & the cerebral hemispheres are represented by a discoid mass or highly vascularized poorly differentiated neural tissue

A

Cerebrovasculosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A Tubular cavitation (syrinx) extends for variable distances along the entire length of the spinal cord which may or may not communicate with the central canal
•damage to the spinal cord due to the formation of a fluid-filled area within the cord

A

Syringomyelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Variant where slit-like cavities are located in the medulla

A

Syringobulbia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The brainstem & cerebellum are compacted into a shallow, bowl-shaped posterior fossa with a low positioned tentorium
•Usually associated with lumbosacral meningomyelocoele

A

Arnold chiari malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pathogenesis of arnold chiari malformation

A

Meningomyelocoele creates traction on medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Arnold chair malformation

Pathology

A

Cerebelar vermis is herniated
Reaching C 3 to C 5
Depletion of purkinjie and granular cells
Brainstem is also displaced caudally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Excessive amount of CSF in varied location and have many causes

A

Congenital hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Most common cause of hydrocephalus

A

Congenital Atresia of Aqueduct of sylvius

35
Q

presence of small and excessive gyri

A

Polymicrogyria

36
Q

the gyri are reduced in number and unusually broad

A

Pachygyria

37
Q

The cortical surface of the cerebral hemispheres is smooth or only lightly furrowed

A

Lissencephaly

38
Q

Almost all patients with Lissencephaly (92%) shows deletion in the region

A

LIS1 gene on chromosome 17p13.3

39
Q

a focal disturbance in neuronal migration that leads to nodular collections of ectopic neurons … white matter

A

Heterotopia

40
Q

Heterotpia Migrational disturbances is associated with

A

Maternal alcoholism

41
Q

mental retardation, distinctive facial features, and a variety of anomalies
•Weight of the brain is moderately reduced, and the organ is shortened in its anteroposterior dimension
•Simple gyral pattern, with disproportionately slender superior temporal gyri

A

Down syndrome

Trisomy 21

42
Q

The complex is dominated by holoprosencephaly, arrhinencephaly, microphthalmia, cyclopia, low-set ears, harelip, and cleft palate •Extremities exhibit polydactyly and “rocker bottom” feet

A

Trisomy 13-15

43
Q

refers to a microcephalic brain that features an absence of the interhemispheric fissure
•Horse-shoe shaped cerebral hemispheres
•Common ventricular chamber

A

Holoprosencephaly

44
Q

The absence of the olfactory tracts and bulbs (rhinencephalon) is associated with holoprosencephaly or occurs as a solitary malformation

A

Arrhinencephaly

45
Q

regular feature of holoprosencephaly
–Associated with seizures
–Its absence permits the lateral ventricles to drift outward and upward
– radiographically diagnostic

A

Absence of corpus callosum

46
Q

Paroxysmal, transient disturbances in brain function that are expressed as impairment in or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor activity or sensory or mental disturbances
•Idiopathic – sporadic, hereditary
•PATHOLOGY: neuronal loss & reactive gliosis
•Affected areas: hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus and cerebral neocortex

A

Epilepsy

47
Q

Accumulation of blood between the calvarium & the dura.
•A result of a blow to the side of the head that fractures the temporal bone
•Must be treated promptly

A

Epidural hematoma

48
Q

Epidural hematoma

Protective response that augment cerebral circulation and increased oxygenation. The heart slows down to increase ventricular filling & myocardial contraction become forceful > BP systolic is increased

A

Cushing reflex

49
Q

Accumulation of blood in the subdural space as a consequence of bleeding from torn bridging veins
•Significant cause of death after head injuries from falls, assaults, vehicular accidents, and sporting mishaps

A

Sub dural hematoma

50
Q

Venous drainage from the cerebral hemispheres flows upward through veins in the pia
•Parasagittal region
•Subarachnoid space
•Arachnoid

A

Sub dural hematoma

51
Q

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space of any cause
•Traumatic head injuries, Cerebral contusion , Laceration
•2/3 of cases reflect a pre-existing arterial aneurysm

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

52
Q

A bruise of the cortical surface of the brain as a result of head trauma

A

Cerebral contusion

53
Q

Cerebral contusion

primary impact on the head, caused by whatever hit the head during the trauma. When this force is applied, the brain slides back and forth inside the skull, frequently hitting the bone on the other side of the head

A

Coup

54
Q

Cerebral contusion

opposite the side of the initial impact

A

Contra coup

55
Q

Cerebral contusion

the most common location for these contusion injuries is in the area of the

A

Temporal lobes and lower frontal lobes

56
Q

SCI

vertebral fractures, fracture-dislocations, subluxation of spine

A

Indirect injury

57
Q

SCI

tears spinal ligament

A

Hyper extension injury

58
Q

SCI

impact forces on vertebral body down upon the underlying one

A

Hyper flexion injury

59
Q

SCI

there is no function below the level of the injury (no sensation and no voluntary movement) and both sides of the body are equally affected

A

Complete injury

60
Q

SCI

there is some functioning below the primary level of the injury

A

Incomplete injury

61
Q

SCI

mildest injury –Transient and reversible disturbance of spinal cord

A

Concussion of spinal cord

62
Q

more severe trauma –Myelomalacia –Hematomyelia

A

Contusion of spinal cord

63
Q

Vascular malformation

most common & w/ greatest significance
–Evolves during embryonic dev as a result of a focal absence of a capillary bed which direct communication between cerebral arteries an veins

A

AV- MAL

64
Q

Vascular malformation

Less common
–Formed by large vascular spaces compartymentalized by prominent fibrous walls
–Asymptomatic
–Intracranial bleed, Epilepsy focal neurological disturbances

A

Cavernous angioma

65
Q

Vascular malformation

Focal aggregate of uniformly small vessels with intervening neural parenchyma
–may initiate seizures but rarely ruptures

A

Telangiectasia

66
Q

Vascular malformation

Focus of a few enlarged veins distributed randomly in the spinal cord or brain –asymptomatic

A

Venous angioma

67
Q

Weakness in arterial walls exploited by intravascular pressure

A

Aneurysm

68
Q

Aneurysm causes

Developmental defects

A

Berry aneurysm

69
Q

Aneurysm causes

Hypertension

A

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm

70
Q

Aneurysm causes

Bacterial infection

A

Mycotic aneurysm

71
Q

Aneurysm causes

Trauma

A

Dissecting aneurysm

72
Q

The consequence of arterial defects that originate during the embryonic development when the bifurcation of the artery creates a Y-shaped configuration

A

Berry aneurysm

73
Q

> Saccular aneurysm formed by adventitia

A

Berry aneurysm

74
Q

Rarely ruptures
•Major complication is Thrombosis
•Pontine infarction – often sequelae of aneurysm in the basilar A

A

Atherosclerotic aneurysm

75
Q

Caused by atherosclerosis localized in the major cerebral vessels (vertebral, basilar,& internal carotids)
•Fibrous replacement of the media & destruction of the internal elastic membrane weakens the arterial wall & permits aneurysm dilatation

A

Atherosclerotic aneurysm

76
Q

Infections of arterial walls result from septic emboli with origins in an infected heart valve

A

Mycotic aneurysm

77
Q

no trauma / vascular anomaly / consequence of long-standing hypertension

A

Spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage

78
Q

include occlusive cerebrovascular lesions ( infarcts

A

Strokes or apoplexy cerebral hemorrhage

79
Q

formed by the weakening of the wall
•Small fusiform aneurysms located on the trunk of a vessel rather than at the bifurcation & are disposed to rupture & he
•Onset of symptoms – abrupt & weakness dominates
•When hge is progressive, Death occurs within period of hours or several days

A

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm

80
Q

Rupture of a vessel into a ventricle rapidly distends the entire ventricular system with blood.
•Death : Distension of the 4th ventricle & compression of the vital centers of the medulla

A

Intra ventricular hemorrhage

81
Q

Loss of consciousness reflects damage to the reticular formation – overshadows all other specific cranial nerve deficits
•Patients rarely survives

A

Pontine hemorrhage

82
Q

Abrupt ataxia, accompanied by severe occipital headache and vomiting
•Compression of medulla – herniation of cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum

A

Cerebellar hemorrhage

83
Q

Inadequate perfusion of the brain

A

Ischemia and infarction

84
Q

Nissl substance is displaced centrifugally and becomes marginated near the plasma membrane

Reversible except when the axonal transection closely approximated the body

A

Chromatolysis

Pathology 2nd Sem Prelim (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions