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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Cognition, Consciousness, and Language > Flashcards

Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards

1
Q

how our brains process and react to the information overload presented to us by the world

A

cognition

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2
Q

states that the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer

A

information processing model

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3
Q

development of one’s ability to think and solve problems

A

cognitive development

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4
Q

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

A

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

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5
Q

one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:

focuses on manipulating environment to meet physical needs through circular reaction; object permanence ends stage

A

sensorimotor stage

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6
Q

one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:

focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

A

preoperational stage

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7
Q

inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

A

egocentrism

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8
Q

tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon

A

centration

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9
Q

one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:

focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects

A

concrete operational stage

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10
Q

one of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:

focuses on abstract thought and problem solving

A

formal operational stage

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11
Q

intelligence that consists of solving new or novel problems, possibly using creative methods

A

fluid intelligence

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12
Q

intelligence related to solving problems using acquired knowledge, often can be procedural

A

crystallized intelligence

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13
Q

causes normal mild level of cognitive decline

A

aging

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14
Q

disorders and conditions characterized by general loss of cognitive function

A

dementia

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15
Q

organic brain disorders, genetic and chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements, and drug use are _____ that affect _____

A

biological factors that affect cognition

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16
Q

pattern of approach for a given problem

A

mental set

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17
Q

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

A

functional fixedness

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18
Q

type of problem solving:

various solutions are tried until one is found to work

A

trial-and-error

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19
Q

type of problem solving:

formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem

A

algorithm

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20
Q

type of problem solving:

starts from set of general rules and draws conclusions from information given

A

deductive (top-down) reasoning

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21
Q

type of problem solving:

seeks to create a theory via generalizations

A

inductive (bottom-up) reasoning

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22
Q

shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make a decision

A

heuristics

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23
Q

exist when an experimenter or decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information

A

biases

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24
Q

tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs

A

confirmation bias

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25
Q

a “gut feeling” regarding a particular decision

A

intuition

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26
Q

subjective experience of a person in a certain situation; how a person feels often influences how a person thinks and makes decisions

A

emotion

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27
Q

proposes seven areas of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

A

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

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28
Q

intelligence that involves ability to evaluate and reason

A

analytical intelligence

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29
Q

intelligence that involves ability to solve problems using novel methods

A

creative intelligence

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30
Q

intelligence that involves dealing with every day problems at home or at work

A

practical intelligence

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31
Q

intelligence that refers to the ability to perceive, express, understand, and manage one’s emotions

A

emotional intelligence

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32
Q

underlying variable of intelligence, often measured with standardized tests (such as Stanford-Binet ____ Test)

A

intelligence quotient (IQ)

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33
Q

state of being awake and able to think, perceive, process, and express information, β and α waves predominate on EEG

A

alertness

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34
Q

stage of sleep:

light sleep dominated by theta waves on EEG

A

stage 1

35
Q

stage of sleep:

slightly deeper sleep than stage 1; includes theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes

A

stage 2

36
Q

bursts of high-frequency waves during sleep

A

sleep spindles

37
Q

singular high amplitude waves during sleep

A

K complexes

38
Q

stage of sleep:

deep (slow-wave) sleep (SWS); delta waves predominate EEG

A

stages 3 and 4

39
Q

includes stages 3 and 4 of sleep

A

NREM (non-rapid eye movement)

40
Q

mind appears close to awake on EEG, but person is asleep, eye movements and body paralysis occur in this stage; more frequent toward the morning

A

REM (rapid eye movement)

41
Q

refers to single complete progression through sleep stages; approximately 90 minutes for adults, normal cycle is stage 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM

A

sleep cycle

42
Q

changes in lighting in the evening trigger release by pineal gland resulting in sleepiness

A

melatonin

43
Q

levels increase in early morning to help promote wakefulness

A

cortisol

44
Q

mostly occurs during REM sleep

A

dreaming

45
Q

include dyssomnias (insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation) and parasomnias (night terrors, sleep walking)

A

sleep-wake disorders

46
Q

disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep

A

dyssomnias

47
Q

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

A

parasomnias

48
Q

state of consciousness in which individuals appear to be in control of normal functions, but are in highly suggestible state; often used for pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement, weight loss, and smoking cessation

A

hypnosis

49
Q

involves a quieting of the mind and is often used for relief of anxiety

A

meditation

50
Q

reduce nervous system activity, resulting in sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety; includes alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines that promote or mimic GABA activity in brain

A

depressants

51
Q

cause an increase in arousal in the nervous system by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration at the synaptic cleft; include amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy

A

stimulants

52
Q

naturally occurring forms of opium; type of narcotic (painkiller); include morphine and codeine

A

opiates

53
Q

synthetic derivatives of opium; type of narcotic (painkiller); include oxycodone, hydrocodone, and heroin

A

opioids

54
Q

drugs which typically cause introspection, distortions of reality and fantasy, and enhancement of sensory experiences; include LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms

A

hallucinogens

55
Q

which is the psychoactive drug with lowest risk of dependence: stimulants, hallucinogens, alcohol, or sedatives

A

hallucinogens

56
Q

has depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic effects, active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

A

marijuana

57
Q

pathway that mediates drug addiction; includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area; dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in this pathway

A

mesolimbic pathway

58
Q

allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention

A

selective attention

59
Q

uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at once

A

divided attention

60
Q

consists of phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

A

language

61
Q

refers to the actual sound of speech

A

phonology

62
Q

refers to building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization (-s) or past tense (-ed)

A

morphology

63
Q

refers to the association of meaning with words

A

semantics

64
Q

refers to the rules dictating word order

A

syntax

65
Q

refers to the change in language delivery depending on context

A

pragmatics

66
Q

explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by the language acquisition device (LAD)

A

nativist (biological) theory

67
Q

explains language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

A

learning (behaviorist) theory

68
Q

explains language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others

A

social interactionist theory

69
Q

states that the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

A

Whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis

70
Q

part of brain speech areas are found in

A

dominant hemisphere

71
Q

controls motor function of speech; damage can result in ____ aphasia

A

Broca’s area (Broca’s aphasia)

72
Q

nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort

A

Broca’s aphasia

73
Q

controls language comprehension; damage can result in _____ aphasia

A

Wernicke’s area (Wernicke’s aphasia)

74
Q

fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

75
Q

connects Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area; damage results in conduction aphasia

A

arcuate fasiculus

76
Q

aphasia marked by inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension

A

conduction aphasia

77
Q

is a systemic error made by study participants who forget or omit details from the data collection

A

recall bias

78
Q

occurs when information collected to quantify a particular disease outcome is incorrect

A

measurement bias

79
Q

explains the process through which two variables are related

A

meditating variable (mediator)

80
Q

dream theory:

attributes dreams to random neuronal activity

A

activation synthesis theory

81
Q

dream theory:

states that dreams are a way to solve problems during sleep

A

problem solving dream theory

82
Q

dream theory:

states that dreams arise from the stream of consciousness being continuous during arousal and sleep

A

cognitive process dream theory

83
Q

dream theory:

combines biological and psychological perspectives of dreaming with physiological change

A

neurocognitive model of dreaming

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (13 decks)

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