Cognitive-Learning Theories Flashcards
Question ID #10693: A researcher designs a study to investigate college students’ expectations regarding their ability to master a new skill, achieve a particular goal, or produce a particular outcome. Apparently, this researcher is interested in which of the following phenomena?
Select one:
A.
Locus of control
B.
Need for achievement
C.
Self-actualization
D.
Self-efficacy
The correct answer is D.
Bandura used the term self-efficacy to refer to an individual’s beliefs or expectations regarding his/her ability to perform specific behaviors. For example, a person has high self-efficacy beliefs when she believes that she has the knowledge or skills necessary to successfully complete a particular task. Of the phenomena listed in the answers, self-efficacy best describes the researcher’s interest.
Answer A: Rotter used the term locus of control to refer to a person’s beliefs about the factors that control his/her outcomes, and he distinguished between an internal and external locus of control.
Answer B: McClelland used the term need for achievement to refer to an acquired characteristic that motivates individuals to undertake tasks when there is a moderate probability for successful performance.
Answer C: As defined by Maslow, self-actualization refers to the full use or development of one’s potential.
Question ID #12645: Bandura’s notion of reciprocal determinism is useful for explaining:
Select one:
A.
how a more desirable response can be used to replace an undesirable response
B.
how the individual and his/her environment influence each other
C.
how learning can occur without being manifested in performance
D.
why a behavior is performed without being internally or externally reinforced
The correct answer is B.
As defined by Bandura, reciprocal determinism refers to the interactions between a person’s characteristics, the person’s behavior, and the environment. Bandura rejected the behavioral view of the environment as a one-way determinant of behavior and proposed that there is a reciprocal (influential and interactive) relationship between the person’s cognitive, affective, and other characteristics, the person’s behavior, and the environment.
Answer A: This answer describes Wolpe’s notion of reciprocal inhibition.
Answer C: Although Bandura believed that learning can occur without being manifested in performance, this is not a prediction or assumption of his notion of reciprocal determinism.
Answer D: Bandura’s social learning theory addresses the role of reinforcement in the acquisition of a behavior, but this part of his theory is not directly relevant to the notion of reciprocal determinism. His social learning theory states that learning of a behavior can occur without reinforcement, but performance of that behavior is more likely when the behavior is reinforced.
Question ID #12646: Kohler’s (1925) research with chimpanzees led to his description of which of the following?
Select one:
A.
Cognitive maps
B.
Observational learning
C.
Insight learning
D.
“Superstitious” behavior
The correct answer is C.
Kohler proposed that learning can be the result of insight (an “aha” experience) that reflects an internal cognitive restructuring of the environment that allows the organism to achieve its goals.
Answer A: Tolman concluded that rats in his studies had developed cognitive maps of the mazes they were allowed to explore.
Answer B: Bandura is associated with his observational learning theory, which predicts that behaviors can be acquired simply by observing someone else perform those behaviors.
Answer D: Skinner found that accidental, noncontingent reinforcement can lead to “superstitious” behavior.
Question ID #12647: Tolman used the notion of “cognitive maps” as support for which of the following?
Select one:
A.
The law of effect
B.
Insight learning
C.
Latent learning
D.
Observational learning
The correct answer is C.
Tolman’s notion of cognitive maps was derived from his research in which rats were allowed to explore a maze without being reinforced for doing so. The results indicated that the animals had learned something about the maze; that is, they had formed cognitive maps. This led Tolman to conclude that learning can occur without apparent changes or improvements in behavior and referred to this as latent learning.
Answer A: According to Thorndike’s law of effect, a behavior that is followed by a “satisfying consequence” will likely occur again.
Answer B: Kohler proposed that learning can be the result of insight (an “aha” experience) that reflects an internal cognitive restructuring of the environment that allows the organism to achieve its goals.
Answer D: Bandura’s observational learning theory predicts that behaviors can be acquired simply by observing someone else perform those behaviors.
Question ID #12648: From the perspective of the reformulated version of the learned helplessness model, depression results when a person attributes negative events to:
Select one:
A.
external, stable, and global factors
B.
external, unstable, and specific factors
C.
internal, unstable, and specific factors
D.
internal, stable, and global factors
The correct answer is D.
Abramson et al.’s (1978) reformulated version of the learned helplessness model added attributions for negative events to the original model. According to the reformulated version, people who are depressed tend to blame themselves for negative events, believe that negative events will always happen to them, and think that negativity will affect all aspects of their lives. In other words, they make internal, stable, and global attributions.
Answer A: The reformulated version of the learned helplessness model predicts that people who are depressed make internal (not external), stable, and global attributions.
Answer B: This answer choice reflects the opposite of what the reformulated version of the learned helplessness model predicts. The model posits that people who are depressed make internal (not external), stable (not unstable), and global (not specific) attributions for negative events.
Answer C: Abramson et al.’s (1978) reformulated version of the learned helplessness model predicts that people who are depressed make attributions for negative events that are internal, stable (not unstable), and global (not specific).
Question ID #12649: Bandura’s research on the effects of modeling for treating snake phobia found that which of the following was the most effective strategy?
Select one:
A.
Symbolic modeling
B.
Participant modeling
C.
Covert modeling
D.
Vicarious modeling
The correct answer is B.
Bandura found that participant modeling (observing a model followed by guided participation) was the most effective method for eliminating phobic reactions.
Answer A: Symbolic modeling refers to observation of a filmed model, and Bandura found that participant modeling is superior to symbolic modeling.
Answer C: Covert modeling refers to a client imagining the observation of a model performing a target behavior, and then imagining a reinforcer or punishment applied to the target behavior.
Answer D: Vicarious modeling occurs when a learner observes a model being reinforced (or punished) for engaging in a behavior. Although vicarious modeling may be used to treat phobic reactions, participant modeling is a superior treatment due to the addition of guided participation. Guided participation refers to the learner performing the target behavior with assistance from the model that they observed engaging in the behavior.
