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unit 6: physiology > Colon & Urinary Excretion (7) > Flashcards

Colon & Urinary Excretion (7) Flashcards

1
Q

What is micturition?

A

process by which the urinary bladder empties

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2
Q

What does micturition involve?

A

progressive filling until the tension in the walls rises above threshold triggering a reflex that empties the bladder

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3
Q

What is the bladder made up of?

A

smooth muscle (aka: detrussor muscle)

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4
Q

To empty the bladder does the detrussor muscle relax or contract?

A

it contracts

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5
Q

What are the trigone and internal sphincter made of?

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

Do the trigone and internal sphincter relax or contract during emptying?

A

They relax

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7
Q

What does the urethra pass through?

A

the urogenital diaphragm

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8
Q

What plays a large role in triggering the bladder emptying reflex?

A

Stretch signals from the posterior urethra

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9
Q

What controls the detrussor muscle and urinary sphincters?

A

Pontine micturition center

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10
Q

What controls the pontine micturition center allowing for voluntary control?

A

suprapontine centers

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11
Q

What do pelvic nerves contain?

A

Sensory (afferent stretch) and motor (efferent parasympathetic)

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12
Q

Where do PNS fibers terminate (in regards to micturition)?

A

Ganglion cells in the bladder wall

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13
Q

What does the pudendal nerve control (in regards to micturition)?

A

Skeletal motor fibers of the external sphicter

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14
Q

What does voiding begin with?

A

Voluntary relaxation of the external urinary sphincter

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15
Q

What causes an atonic bladder?

A

Destruction of sensory nerve fibers

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16
Q

What causes an automatic bladder?

A

Spinal cord damage aboce the sacral region

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17
Q

What causes an uninhibited neurogenic bladder?

A

Lack of inhibitory signals from the brain

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18
Q

What are the three primary functions of the colon?

A

1- move material through the large intestine to the rectum

2- eliminate fecal material through anus

3- extract water, electrolytes and some nutrients

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19
Q

What is the function of the mucus that the large intestine creates?

A

Bind feces and aid in its movement through the colon

20
Q

What is the gastroileal reflex?

A

food entering the stomach intensifies peristalsis in the ileum and empties ileal content into the cecum

21
Q

What is the main function of the ascending and transverse colon?

A

extraction of water and elextrolytes

22
Q

What is the main function of the descending colon?

A

store stool

23
Q

What is the function of the sigmoid colon?

A

Move stool between the descending colon and the rectum

24
Q

What causes constipation and what helps constipation?

A

Poor motility causes constipation….there is greater absorption of liquids and results in hard feces

Increasing fiber intake can help constipation

25
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

Rapid movement of fecal matter through the large intestine

26
Q

What are the two types of diarrhea?

A

Osmotic form and secretory form

27
Q

What does distention/ pressure or irritation of the cecum inhibit and excite?

A

Inhibits ileal peristalsis and excites sphincter contraction and delaying emptying

28
Q

What nerve controls the ileoceal sphincter?

A

myenteric plexus (and SNS)

29
Q

What is characteristic of colonic epithelium?

A

Contains numerous crypts/ invaginations but lacks villi

30
Q

What are two notable cells of the surface epithelium of the colonic epithelium?

A

Mucus secreting goblet cells and columnar absorptive cells

31
Q

What are the major ions that the colon secretes?

A

K+ and HCO3-

32
Q

What are the major ions that the colon absorbs?

A

Na+, Cl-, and water

33
Q

How much fluid does the colon absorbe a day?

A

1.9 L

34
Q

Which ion can move passively through tight junctions?

A

K+

35
Q

True or False:

The colon is a net secretor of Na+

A

False…it is a net secretor of K+

36
Q

What provides spontaneous electrical activity in the colon?

A

ICC’s

37
Q

What is a “mass movement”?

A

One giant peristaltic wave that occurs 1-3 times a day and lasts 10-30 minutes

38
Q

What portions of the SNS innervate the colon?

A

Celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus and inferior mesenteric plexus

39
Q

What portions of the PNS innervate the colon?

A

Vagus and pelvic nerves

40
Q

What is hirschprung’s disease?

A

congenital disease present at birth where an individual lacks the ENS in the distal part of the GI that leaves the distal GI tonically contracted. As a result the proximal segment becomes distended with fecal matter

41
Q

What composes flatus?

A

swallowed air, bacterial action and diffusion from blood

42
Q

What is IBS usually associated with?

A

females ages 20-40 and stress/ high anxiety

43
Q

What is fecal incontinence?

A

involuntary defication

44
Q

What triggers defecation?

A

Triggered by distension of the rectum by feces (sensed by mechanoreceptors)

this is the rectosphinteric reflex

45
Q

What do the mechanoreceptors in the rectum activate?

A

the myenteric nerves…which send signals back to the rectum to relax the internal anal sphincter and then also send signals to the brain to stimulate the urge to defecate

46
Q

What does the rectosphincteric reflex do to the external anal sphincter?

A

It makes it contract until defecation, when it then relaxes

unit 6: physiology (13 decks)

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