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Ch 8 Communities > Communities > Flashcards

Communities Flashcards

1
Q

How is Community explained in Ch *?

A

Locational or geopolitical communities

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2
Q

What are 3 essential elements of locational community?

A

geographical area, social interaction, common ties

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3
Q

What is a locational community?

A

It is where person & environment meet. Community residents interact with each other, share common interests, use many of the same resources & access many of the same services.

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4
Q

Are communities social systems?

A

Yes; the relationships in communities are not based on formal, contractual expectations, but rather on mutual benefits.

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5
Q

What are some types of communities (in relation to population and/or location and/or function?

A

Metropolis, suburb, bedroom communities, exurb, edge city, & megalopolis.

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6
Q

This type of community is a city of 50,000 or more.

A

Metropolis

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7
Q

What is a suburb?

A

A residential urban area beyond the political boundaries of a city; historically, some of these were small towns, but have become connected to a larger city through the development of interstate highways & suburban sprawl.

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8
Q

This type of community is primarily residential & their residents commute elsewhere to work.

A

Bedroom community

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9
Q

This type of community is a settlement outside of a city, usually beyond the suburbs, & consists of mostly well to do residents.

A

Exurb

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10
Q

What is an edge city?

A

A business center some distance from downtown but close to the intersection of major highways

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11
Q

What does an edge city typically consist of?

A

A mix of corporate office buildings, medical centers, shopping malls, fast food franchises, hotels, & entertainment complexes.

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12
Q

When does the occupancy of the exurbs & bedroom communities peak?

A

At night

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13
Q

This term refers to one or more cities & their surrounding suburbs whose boundaries have converged.

A

Megalopolis, such as the Boston to DC corridor.

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14
Q

What is a geographical area which people includes dwellings where people reside?

A

A neighborhood

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15
Q

Name 3 nonresidential buildings that may be found in a neighborhood.

A

Schools, churches, stores, police & fire stations, offices.

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16
Q

True/False: often neighborhoods are occupied by people of the same racial or ethnic background or sexual orientation.

A

True

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17
Q

Name the 3 types of neighborhoods that are often associated with high poverty in large urban areas.

A

Slums- an area of extreme poverty with deteriorated & abandoned structures
Ghettos & Barrios refer to neighborhoods
with distinct racial or ethnic cultures. Often are, but not always poor.

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of slums, barrios & ghettos?

A

There are features of strong resident identification & positive social interaction within their boundaries, but few links with the larger community.

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19
Q

What makes most major cities in the US to be classified as “postindustrial?”

A

Their economies are dominated by “light” industry, information processing services, educational complexes, medical centers & shopping malls.

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20
Q

What are 2 of significant trends of the last half-cenury that have implications for communities?

A

The decline of central cities & the growth of suburbs.

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21
Q

What factors have contributed to these trends?

A

A period of economic prosperity beginning at the end of WWII, increasing reliance on automobiles for transportation, government policies that penalize central cities and support suburbs, & the loss of blue-collar jobs due to the relocation of industries.

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22
Q

Who were the primary beneficiaries of Eisenhower’s interstate highway system?

A

Mostly suburbanites who used it for commuting back & forth to work

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23
Q

What is another factor that contributed to the decline of central cities?

A

The decrease in real opportunity brought about by the loss of blue collar jobs due to deindustrialization & the suburbanization of employment.

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24
Q

Where have heavy industries moved out of?

A

They have moved out of cities to rural areas, or even other countries.

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25
Q

Light industries & service businesses have moved to this area where land is cheaper, & utility rates & property taxes are lower. What is the name of this area?

A

Edge cities

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26
Q

What group of people suffered most from the decline of central cities in the “rust belt (upper Midwest)?

A

African Americans

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27
Q

What was the reason that Wilson argued that the social life of poor inner city neighborhoods declined?

A

Because of the intensification of poverty & the accompanying isolation form mainstream institutions & role models.

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28
Q

This group of people live in neighborhoods where houses are both closer to jobs opportunities & cheaper.

A

Latinos. One factor contributing to their affordability is the contribution of in kind assistance. Latinos are unlikely to experience the level of housing discrimination that plagues African Americans.

29
Q

Research indicate that there is an association between sizeable _____ communities & economically viable cities.

A

gay (communities)

30
Q

Which group of residents are significantly more satisfied with their communities? City dwellers, small town, or suburbanites?

A

Suburbanites

31
Q

What modes of transportation are usually not options for suburbanites?

A

Walking, bicycling, & public transportation

32
Q

THe result of continuous, unplanned outward growth is called what?

A

Suburban sprawl; the abandonment of existing, more centrally located neighborhoods.

33
Q

What appears to be the major attraction to suburbs?

A

Privatization, backyard parties * decks instead of front porches, private cars instead of public trans., video rentals instead of theaters.

34
Q

What is new urbanism?

A

The development of towns that offer streets laid out in grid patterns, front porches vs. large lawns, small shops & offices w/in walking distance of homes.

35
Q

What are some major barriers to new urbanism?

A

Restrictive zoning codes & the ongoing investment in roads.

36
Q

How does the Census Bureau define rural?

A

A county or group of counties without a large central city

37
Q

What are three major characteristics of rural communities?

A

They are small scale, low-density settlement; distance from large urban centers; a specialized, non diverse, rural economy

38
Q

Rural communities has less adequate what and is more likely to have higher what?

A

They have less adequate public services, such as schools, fire protection, health care & recreation & entertainment facilities

39
Q

Depending on the region of the country, rural areas contain both the most _____ &_______ communities in the US?

A

They contain the most ethnically homogeneous & ethnically diverse communities

40
Q

The contemporary economic base of many rural counties is dependent on?

A

Government funding for military bases, prisons, & state universities.

41
Q

Many shutdowns in rural areas devastated company towns with long established ties to what?

A

Single manufacturers

42
Q

T/F: Most of the counties with the highest poverty rates in the US are rural

A

True

43
Q

T/F: Urban residents are less educated & employment opportunities available to them pay less than similar jobs in the US

A

No: this is true for the RURAL poor

44
Q

What is it called when rural counties gain or regain population?

A

Rural rebound

45
Q

How is the word “habitat” understood in terms of social work from the Ecosystems Perspective?

A

It should lead us to understand the individual in his environment such as crowding, noise levels, air pollution, sanitation, etc..

46
Q

What is the hypothesis that explains high rates of depression & anxiety in modern life as the result of humans living in habitats quite different from those for which natural selection shaped the hominid ancestors.

A

Mismatch theory (Ecosystems Perspective)

47
Q

Social isolation is the result of what?

A

The physical structure of communities.

48
Q

The ecosystems perspective encourages an examination of the fit between a community and what?

A

Its larger environment. Communities that are unable to obtain needed resources experience entropy (decline or breakdown)

49
Q

When does entropy occur?

A

Whenever a system uses up more energy than it takes in.

50
Q

When does succession occur?

A

When the species is displaced by another.

51
Q

What does succession direct us to look @?

A

The process of neighborhood change when one population replaces another.

52
Q

The renovation or replacement of older homes in desirable areas with upscale residences

A

Gentrification

53
Q

What do healthy communities provide according to the Functionalist Perspective?

A

Necessary supports & resources that enhance the functioning of smaller social systems; also opportunities for social participation & mutual aid & support. Communities are the interface between individuals or families, & social institutions.

54
Q

How does the Conflict Perspective understand communities?

A

Community life reflects the inequalities of wealth & power in society. The viability of a community is influenced by investment decisions made by hte political and economic elite.

55
Q

Rational Perspective (Communities)

A

People act or do things in the best interest of themselves. The idea of self-interest is illustrated in the pattern of automobile dependence.

56
Q

What does the Constructionist Perspective say about Communities?

A

People have different meanings for communities. Gemeinschaft-residents know each other; share mutual support.
Gesellschaft-relationships are impersonal & contractual

57
Q

Strengths Perspective

A

All communities have assets. May have natural beauty, pleasant location, strategic location

58
Q

What are some indicators of Social Capitol?

A

Participation & engagement in politics, trust toward public officials, bonding within communities

59
Q

What is Social Capitol?

A

A collective asset, a feature of communities, rather than the property of an individual. Individuals both contribute to it, but cannot own it.

60
Q

How do communities deter well being?

A

Some people have to live in extreme poverty (often children & older adults who may feel trapped b/c they do not have $$ or means to leave)
Children safety is also threatened by community

61
Q

What is the other factor that detracts from the well-being of children?

A

Social density which measures the degree to which an environment contains a diversity of roles for children to learn from and for parents to draw upon

62
Q

Another way communities deter well-being is environmental racism

A

Environmental Racism describes the consistent pattern whereby environmental hazards are located near poor people (p.167/168)

63
Q

Communities deter well being by segregation by lass.

A

Wealthy & powerful community residents use building codes & zoning ordinances to insulate themselves from the poor & to exclude those with disabilities.

64
Q

What are the most pervasive forms of residential segregation?

A

By ethnicity and race

65
Q

What is the term White Flight refer to?

A

When Whites moved to outlying areas to avoid contact with African Americans

66
Q

Why were certain neighborhoods on FHA maps marked in red?

A

To identify neighborhoods in which people of color lived in the lowest value categories; known as “redlining.”

67
Q

What are the 3 levels that communities promote well being?

A

formal service organizations, small businesses that meet a service need, & families & individuals acting as neighbors. (The YMCA, Boys & Girls club, churches, lodges, etc)

68
Q

In minority communities, small businesses may fulfill both commercial & social service roles. What is an example?

A

An African American beauty shop promoting health information, or info on upcoming elections in addition to original services

69
Q

This occurs when real estate agents take people of color to see houses in some neighborhoods & direct white people to others

A

Steering

Ch 8 Communities (1 decks)

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