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MDCN Nigerian Medical Exam > Community Medicine > Flashcards

Community Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Study of causes, distribution determinate and deterrents of disease and injuries and other health related conditions in human populations
P

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2
Q

What are the causes of epidemiology

A

*bacteria,fungi, viruses,psychological and idiopathic

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3
Q

What refers to a persons place and time where the health problem occurs

A

*Distribution

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4
Q

What is the factor that lead to a outbreak of a disease

A

*Determinants

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5
Q

Factors that hinder the progress of disease or health related conditions

A

Deterrents

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6
Q

Uses of epidemiology

A

*evaluation and planning
*gives information on how diseases arises in individuals and society and how to n my manage
* study of history of diseases in human populations
*it helps to determine the diagnosis mortality rate and morbidity ratio
* evaluation of risks
*study of natural disease causes and risk factors of disease e.g cigarette smoking

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7
Q

Occurrence in a community or region of cases of illnesses or health related conditions clearly in excess of normal expectancy for the area and at a particular point in time eg. cholera ,yellow fever and meningitis

A

Epidemic

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8
Q

And epidemic that affects a large proportion of the population over a wide geographic area e.g HIV/aids

A

Pandemic

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9
Q

Constant pressure of a disease or infection our agent within a given geographical are or population group without importation from outside e.g malaria, salmonellosis

A

Endemic

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10
Q

A person who harbors and infective agents without showing any signs and symptoms of diseases but I’d capable of transmitting the agents to other people

A

Carrier

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11
Q

Infectionous diseases of vertebrate animals that are transmissible to man under natural conditions such as when the man uses the animal for food eg, taeniasis when vector transmits infection from animals to man eg.plague(flea), viral encephalitis (mosquito)

A

Zoonosis

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12
Q

Period of time from infection of the host or time of first exposure to the first appearance of symptoms and signs of the disease

A

*incubation period

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13
Q

Limitations of movement of persons who have been exposed to infection for a period of time equal of the longest duration of incubation period of the disease e.g plague, cholera,yellow fever

A

Quarantine

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14
Q

Level of immunity in the community : it is related to the occurrence of epidemics,

A

Herd immunity

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15
Q

Mention 3 things about definition of sampling methods

A
  • a sample is a group of objects or individuals selected From a population for study for the purposes
    *A sample represents an entire population
  • sampling is the process of selecting a sample
    *Advantages of sampling are reduction of costs of survey and economy of time more accurate information and greater scope of study
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16
Q

What is sampling fraction

A
  • it’s the fraction of the population selected for a study eg 50 students where chosen from a hostel of 200 students
17
Q

Mention 5 Types of probability sampling

A

*simple random sampling
*cluster sampling
*systemic
*stratified sampling
* stage end sampling

18
Q

Mention 3 non probability sampling

A

*snow ball sampling
* quota sampling
* convenience sampling

19
Q

Define the probability sampling: simple, cluster, systemic ,stratified, and multistage sampling

A

*simple random: numbers are in a random format like a lottery
*cluster :also known as area sampling and example is villages in a local government and study every individual in the villages selected
*systemic:units are selected in a systematic manner at a regular interval
*stratified :divide the heterogeneous units into homogeneous units called strata,select the required sample proportional from each strata eg stratification
*multistage sampling: involves carrying sampling in a hierarchy structure eg use of contraceptives in child bearing age In Enugu state local government
- first stage :random selection of the ward or wards political wards in the LGE
2 nd stage: random selection of streets in the selected wards
3rd stage :systematic selection of houses on the street
Then interview of child bearing age in those houses
-

20
Q

Definition of non probability sampling
Convenience,quota ,snowball sampling

A

*convenience: a researcher chooses a sample that is convenient to him/her doesn’t include all population
*quota sampling:researcher chooses the first available sets of students that meet his criteria until the quota or required number of each stratum is met
* snowball sampling:in this case variable for the study is difficult to study because of stigmatization e.g teenage pregnancy, first set of individuals selected help in identifying others,until the required number of individuals is obtained

21
Q

Formula for calculating of sample size
: minimum sample size formula is

A

N=Z2P(1-p)/D2
Z=1.96
P=prevalence from a previous study ,prevalence can be either in percentage or single unit
D= margin of error tolerated usually 5%, D can be 5 if prevalence is in percent or 0.05 if prevalence is written as a fraction of a unit

22
Q

What are the two groups of epidemiology studies and definitions

A
  • observational studies : here nature takes its normal course,while the investigator measures outcomes but doesn’t intervene
  • experimental studies : in experimental or intervention studies an active attempt is made to change a disease determinant such as an exposure or behavior or the progress of a disease through treatment
23
Q

The study of the amount and distribution of disease within a population by person place and time what kind of epidemiology

A

*Descriptive Epidemiology ; descriptive study leads to generation of hypothesis which leads to more studies to test the hypothesis, descriptive study is used for planning,implementation and evaluation of health services

24
Q

Which blood group is prone to gastric cancer

A

Blood group A

25
Q

Which blood group is prone to duodenal ulcer

A

*Blood group O

26
Q

Which ethic group or race suffers from HTN ,sickle cell disease

A

Black race

27
Q

Which race suffers from breast cancer

A

*white race

28
Q

Which cancer is more common in married women

A

Cervical cancer

29
Q

Which cancer is common in single women

A

Breast cancer

30
Q

Farm accidents , skin cancers from pesticides and chemicals,tetanus,anthrax etc is associated

A

Agrarian society

31
Q

Air pollution leading to respiratory problems,social vices (such as homicide,terrorism,violence,STIs, drug/substance abuse, etc is associated with?

A

City dwellers

32
Q

Occurrence of disease over a long period of time e.g years,decades seen in some cancers-increase in lung and pancreatic cancers is associated with?

A

Secular trends

33
Q

Recurrent alterations in frequency of diseases or death e.g annual or seasonal variations, measles and influenza epidemics occur every 2 to 3 years ,injuries in children are more during holiday periods,

A

Cyclic changes

34
Q

What does analytical epidemiology helps with

A

Assess the determinants or causes of disease or health related conditions,analytical studies help us to verify the relationship between a suspected risk factor as a disease

35
Q

Analytical epidemiology answers the questions?

A

*WHY and HOW

MDCN Nigerian Medical Exam (17 decks)

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