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Comparative Politics > Comparative Politics Test 2 - Totalitarian Regimes > Flashcards

Comparative Politics Test 2 - Totalitarian Regimes Flashcards

1
Q

What century phenomenon is Totalitarianism?

A

20th

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2
Q

What is a Left authoritarian ideology?

A

Communism

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3
Q

What is a Right authoritarian ideology?

A

Nazism

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4
Q

What is the most totalitarian ideology?

A

Communism

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5
Q

What are the definitions of Totalitarian Regimes?

A

1) Official doctrine covering every part of life
2) Single party (person) creates/upholds that doctrine
3) System of terror (involves secret government police)
4) Government control of communications
5) Government control of weapons
6) Government control over the whole economy

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6
Q

When was the origin of Wahhabism? What nation did it originate in?

A

18th Century with Saudi Arabia

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7
Q

When was the origin of the Islamic Brotherhood?

A

1928; Egypt

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8
Q

What were the goals of the Muslim Brotherhood?

A

1) To create a Global Islamic State (Umma)

2) Sharia Law must cover every aspect of life

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9
Q

When/where was the Islamic Revolution?

A

Iranian Revolution, 1979

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10
Q

When was the Rise of Islamic Terrorism and with what groups?

A

1980s; Al Qaeda, Hamas, Hezbollah

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11
Q

What is the most recent emergence of Islamist extremism?

A

ISIS and the Caliphate

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12
Q

How is totalitarianism present in the West?

A

With the Technocracy and the merging of the State and Industry leading to total control and pacification.

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13
Q

Who overran Russia during the Middle Ages?

A

Mongol Invaders

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14
Q

What religion was integral in the Byzantine Empire?

A

Orthodox Christian

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15
Q

What kept Russia as part of the “West”?

A

Religion

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16
Q

When did political centralization occur in Russia and around which city?

A

After 1500 and Moscow

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17
Q

Which family first began to unite Russia around Moscow?

A

Romanov Dynasty

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18
Q

What are the features of the Romanov Dynasty?

A

A) Ruled by the “Divine Right”
B) Aristocrats + Church supported the Crown for Defense and Security
C) Decentralized feudal economy (agrarian)

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19
Q

What was the Romanov Dynasty ruled by?

A

Divine Right

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20
Q

Who supported the Romanov Dynasty for defense and security?

A

Aristocrats & Church

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21
Q

What key figure needed his religion to consolidate his power over the people and connect with the population?

A

Peter the Great

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22
Q

Russia was essentially a slave system until what year?

A

1851

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23
Q

In what direction did Russia expand?

A

Eastward

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24
Q

What were the major international changes to Russia in the 19th century?

A

A) Napoleonic Wars: 1812
B) Crimean War: 1854 - 1856
C) Russo-Japanese War: 1905

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25
Q

How did the Napoleonic Wars change Russia?

A

Napoleon invaded Russia and conquered it in the name of the Enlightenment. Russia was victorious. Russia could, for the first time, establish itself in the domain of Europe as a military force to be reckoned with.

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26
Q

How did the Crimean War change Russia?

A

It represented a crisis in leadership in the Crown.

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27
Q

How did the Russo-Japanese War change Russia?

A

Russia sent its navy all the way from the Baltic, around Africa to Japan; the Japanese beat them. It was the first time that a non-European power defeated a European power. It was the prelude to revolution, and Japan had risen to world power status (equal to European country).

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28
Q

What were some domestic changes in Russia in the 19th century?

A

1861: End to Feudalism (or serfdom)
1880: political violence that led up to WWI, assassination of the Czar was in 1888.

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29
Q

Who was the final Russian czar?

A

Nicholas II

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30
Q

When was the assassination of the Czar?

A

1888

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31
Q

When was WWI?

A

1914-1917

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32
Q

When was the Russian Revolution?

A

1917-1921

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33
Q

What was the Russian Revolution?

A

The Red Army vs. White Army (Monarchists supported by English and Americans)

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34
Q

When was the Soviet Union created?

A

1922

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35
Q

What were the social and political goals of the USSR?

A
  1. Land Reform
  2. Political participation (party - socialism)
  3. Industrial Development (industrialization - economic mobilization that brings everyone into the economic sphere)
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36
Q

Who were the major political leaders of the USSR?

A

Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Josef Stalin

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37
Q

Who forged the modern Soviet State?

A

Josef Stalin

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38
Q

What is the basis of the Communist Party?

A

Bolsheviks (Proletariat)

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39
Q

How many people did Stalin kill with collectivism?

A

30 million

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40
Q

What were Stalin’s major accomplishments?

A
  1. Defeated Germany
  2. Became a World Power
  3. Rapid Industrialization
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41
Q

What is Russia’s Political Style?

A

Submissive

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42
Q

What is Russia’s political culture?

A

Paternalistic and authoritarian

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43
Q

What kind of people are the Russian populous?

A

Conservative (agrarian peasant people)

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44
Q

In theory, Russia was supposed to be what kind of society?

A

Classless

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45
Q

How was Russia ethnically stratified?

A

15 Republics with 100+ ethnic groups

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46
Q

What percentage of the USSR population were Russian?

A

75%, including the elite, economic, military & politics

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47
Q

When did the USSR reign?

A

1921-1991

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48
Q

What Party was the center of the USSR?

A

Communist Party

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49
Q

What entity was the vanguard of social revolution and change in the USSR?

A

Communist Party

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50
Q

What composed the State in USSR?

A
  • Council of Ministers
  • Supreme Court
  • General Secretary
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51
Q

What did the Party consist of in the USSR?

A

The Party Congress - selected the Central Committee - selected Politburo & Secretariat

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52
Q

What did the Party Congress in USSR consist of?

A

Thousands of members across USSR

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53
Q

What did the Central Committee in USSR consist of?

A

A few hundred members

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54
Q

What did the Central Committee in the USSR select?

A
  • Politburo

- Secretariat

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55
Q

Who was the main policy-making body of the USSR?

A

Politburo

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56
Q

Who was the body that disciplined/controlled the Party?

A

Secretariat

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57
Q

Who is the “Head of State” in Russia?

A

General Secretary

58
Q

Who is the Head of the Party?

A

General Secretary

59
Q

When did Mikhail Gorbachev become the General Secretary?

A

1985

60
Q

Who attempted to bring reform to the Soviet Union in 1985?

A

Mikhail Gorbachev

61
Q

What were the two attempts at reform in Russia by Gorbachev?

A
  1. Perestroika

2. Glasnost

62
Q

What reform in Russia involved the economy?

A

Perestroika

63
Q

What reform in Russia involved ideas?

A

Glasnost

64
Q

When had Gorbachev’s reforms deteriorated?

A

1989

65
Q

What were the 3 reasons for the collapse of the USSR?

A

A. Domestic problems [economic disenchantment amongst population]
B. International Pressure [US defense spending - Reagan outspent Russia in Arms Race]
C. International Pressure - Vatican [soft power - critics of human rights abuses, NGOs, international attention]

66
Q

When did Russia decide to leave the USSR?

A

1991

67
Q

Who was the first president of Russia?

A

Boris Yeltsin

68
Q

What is the CIS and when was it formed?

A

Commonwealth of Independent States, during the breakup of the USSR

69
Q

When did Vladimir Putin become president?

A

1999

70
Q

What kind of political system is Russia?

A

Federal, Presidential

71
Q

How many States/Cities/Oblasts in Russia?

A

85

72
Q

What is the center of power in Russia?

A

Moscow

73
Q

Who has the power in the Russian government?

A

The president

74
Q

Who oversees the House in the Russian Government?

A

The Premier

75
Q

How long is the president’s term in Russia?

A

6 years

76
Q

What are the two major Houses in the Russian government?

A

Upper House: Federal Council

Lower House: Duma

77
Q

What is the Lower House in Russia?

A

Duma

78
Q

What is the Upper House in Russia?

A

Federal Council

79
Q

How many political parties are in modern day Russia?

A

4

80
Q

What are the 4 major political parties in Russia?

A
  1. United Russia
  2. Just Russia
  3. Liberal Democrat Party
  4. Commmunist Party
81
Q

What Russian Political Party is seen as the Reform Party?

A

United Russia

82
Q

What political party is Vladimir Putin?

A

United Russia

83
Q

What is the “Big Question” in Russia?

A

Is it possible to build democracy?

84
Q

What are the major trends in Russia?

A 
A. Weak economy (outside of military)
B. Health/Environmental Problems
C. Declining Birth Rates
D. International Issues
- Eastern Europe: Ukraine
- Middle East: Iran & Syria are long-term allies
85
Q

What kind of culture is China?

A

Confucian

86
Q

What class is China?

A

Mandarin

87
Q

What was one of the first bureaucracies in the world?

A

China

88
Q

What was one of the first centralized governments in the world?

A

China

89
Q

Why was China one of the first centralized governments? (2 reasons)

A
  1. Defensive purposes: aristocrats needed the monarchy for defense [the Mongols and Japanese were Chinese enemies]
  2. Economic reasons: Hydraulic [water-based] society
90
Q

How is China a Hydraulic society?

A

Control and manifestation of water is crucial to the State’s power over the people

91
Q

When did the Dynasties in China end?

A

1911

92
Q

What was the last Dynasty in China?

A

Manchu Dynasty

93
Q

What type of Rule has dominated China throughout its history?

A

Dynastic Rule of the Monarchs

94
Q

When was the Republic of China in rule?

A

1912-1949

95
Q

What type of democracy was the Republic of China?

A

Western Style Democracy

96
Q

What were the steps to the creation of a Communist China?

A
  1. Creation of Democracy
    - early ruler was Sun Yat Sen.
    - Sun Yat Sen died and his #2 man becomes the ruler and turns China into a nationalist regime/orientation [military rule[
  2. Creation of Communist Party [by Mao Zedong in 1921]
  3. War
    - Revolution breaks out with the Chinese Civil War (1926 - 1949)
    - WWII (1936 - 1945) - Japan invades China
97
Q

How was China turned into a Democracy?

A

The first president, Sun Yat Sen, was a sincere Democrat. He took office in 1921. He died, and his #2 man Chiang Kai Shek becomes the ruler and turns China into a nationalist regime/orientation with military rule. The name of Shek’s party was Kuomintang. There was a struggle under his rule to modernize China/

98
Q

Who was the 1st president of China and when did he come to office?

A

Sun Yet Sen, 1921.

99
Q

Who succeeded the first president of office in China?

A

Chiang Kai Shek

100
Q

What was the name of Chiang Kai Shek’s military party?

A

Kuomintang

101
Q

When was the Communist Party created and by whom?

A

1921, Mao Zedong

102
Q

When was the Chinese Civil War?

A

1926-1949

103
Q

When was China involved in WWII?

A

1936 - 1945.

104
Q

When was the rise of Chinese communism?

A

1949

105
Q

Who was the leader of the Communist party?

A

Mao Zedong

106
Q

What position did Mao Zedong hold?

A

General Secretary (Chief AND Head of State)

107
Q

How did China embark on political and economic reform?

A

Through Autarky; or isolationism. They were slowly industrializing and attempting to build self-reliance and their own economy.

108
Q

When did Richard Nixon visit China?

A

1972

109
Q

When did Mao Zedong die?

A

1976

110
Q

What kind of political changes took place in China during the 50s and 60s?

A

The Cultural Revolution: there was a domestic focus inward with rural education. The re-education of the population (communist educational system to bring communism to the masses). This resulted in Agrarian and Rural education.

111
Q

What kind of economic changes took place in China during the 50s and 60s?

A

The “Great Leap Forward”: There was a major focus on rural development with collective farms. There was also a focus on industrialization.

112
Q

What was the political style in China?

A

Submissive and authoritarian

113
Q

What were some themes of political culture in China?

A
  1. Respect for Family/Ancestry
  2. Respect for Education
  3. Xenophobia
  4. Secular Wordview
  5. Few channels for change
114
Q

Historically, what was the social stratification in China?

A

It was a Monarch:

  • Monarch
  • State
  • Bureaucrats/Mandarins
  • Landowners
  • Peasants
115
Q

Currently, what is the social stratification of China?

A

Communism: classless society

  • Bureaucracy [Chinese Communist Part CCP]
  • Proletariat
116
Q

When did the Chinese cultural revolution take place?

A

1950s and 60s

117
Q

Who really influenced Mao Zedong?

A

Vladimir Lenin

118
Q

What is the difference between Marxism and Communism?

A

Marxism: theory, ideology, philosophy
Communism: practice of this ideology

119
Q

How was the Communist Party a “Vanguard Party” for Lenin?

A

Lenin had the idea that the Communist Party could be a vanguard party: it was organized to promote revolution and to jumpstart the revolution. Lenin realized that you needed politics to advance the revolution, not just the Marxist ideology. He would also use violence to achieve its end.

120
Q

Who were the enemies of the Communist Revolution in China?

A

Capitalist merchants, wealthy peasants, landowners, intellectuals, people with overseas connections

121
Q

What was the major difference between Lenin & Mao?

A

the MEMBERS: the Maoist revolution was peasant-based (very different from Soviet Revolution): there were enough peasants to convince there was a better life, and this gave strong support for the revolution.

122
Q

In theory, the communist party is the “vanguard” of the revolution. What is it in reality?

A

It monopolizes all political party at the expense of the proletariat, it is the center of all political power in China.

123
Q

What is the political structure of China?

A

The State + The Party

124
Q

What composes the State in China?

A

The President [Head of State]
The Judiciary [Supreme People’s Court]
Prime Ministries/Gov’t Ministries [State Council]
Legislature [ The national People’s Congress]

125
Q

What is the title of the Judiciary in China?

A

Supreme People’s Court

126
Q

What is the title of the Ministries in China?

A

State Council

127
Q

What is the title of the Legislature in China?

A

The National People’s Congress

128
Q

What is the structure of the Party [CCP] in China?

A

National Party Congress selects the Central Committee which is made up of the “Political Organs”

129
Q

What are the Political Organs in the CCP?

A

Politburo

Secretariat

130
Q

Who is the head of the Party?

A

The President [ Head of State]

131
Q

Who was Deng Ziaoping and when did he rule?

A

He was the 2nd revolutionary; he realized the world was changing rapidly and knew that China had to evolve to survive, and thus began the capitalist reforms in 1987.

132
Q

Who is the current leader of China?

A

Xi Jinping

133
Q

What is Xi Jinping known for?

A

He pushed China into its modern, competetive phase. He argued that Communists could rule domestically but that China could use capitalism to engage with the international world. It became an enormous production & consumption center.

134
Q

What is the basis of Chinese wealth?

A

Manufacturing

135
Q

What is another element of Chinese political style/culture?

A

Secrecy

136
Q

When did Democratic reforms initiate in China?

A

1989 Tiananmen Square

137
Q

Tiananmen Square

A

1989 Democratic protests in Beijing, China that resulted in the deaths of hundreds (if not thousands) of demonstrators and the martial law

138
Q

What were some democratic economic reforms?

A

Private Property
Patent Laws
Content Laws

139
Q

Why did totalitarianism fail?

A
  1. Leadership disputes
  2. Penetration of the culture was incomplete [never completely bring everyone to communism]
  3. Geographic barriers [size of the country]
  4. Inadequate Infrastructure
140
Q

What are some problems with the Chinese economy? [6]

A 
A. Aging population
B. Dependence on foreign markets
C. Dependence on oil
D. Cannot feed itself
E. Health/Environmental costs - water and air pollution, high cancer rates
F. Rising Labor Costs

Comparative Politics (3 decks)

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