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geography > component 2 (paper 2) > Flashcards

component 2 (paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

geology

A

rock type

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2
Q

igneous rock

A

the earths oldest rocks and they are hard and fairly resistant to erosion

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3
Q

sedimentary rock

A

remains of animals and plants crushed together, layers of broken up rocks and some can crumble easily e.g sand stone and chalk

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4
Q

metamorphic rock

A

made by intense heat and pressure compressed over time underground
e.g marble and slate

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5
Q

what is the tees - exe line

A

the boundary between the highland areas of the uk and the lowland areas of the uk

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6
Q

what are the rocks like in the north

A

older and more resistant which creates upland landscapes such as the lake district (igneous / metamorphic)

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7
Q

what are the rocks like in the south

A

rocks are younger , less resistant which creates lowland landscapes such as the fens (sedimentary rock)

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8
Q

what is the landscape of the UK influenced by

A

geology - rock type

glaciation - the movement of ice on the land

tectonic processes - the movement of the crust

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9
Q

how does geology affect the UKs landscape

A

UK upland landscapes eg the pennines are formed from older , more resistant rocks whereas lowland landscapes eg the fens are made from younger , less resistant rocks

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10
Q

how has glaciation affected the UKs land scape

A

in the upland areas the wright of the ice eroded the river valleys making them wider and deeper ( U shaped valleys)

in the lowland areas the glaciers retreated and deposited everything they had eroded from the landscape , this created boulder clay which is very soft and not very resistant to erosion

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11
Q

how have tectonics affected the UKs landscape

A

the tectonic processes caused molten magma to intrude the plate , some magma reached the surface as lava , while some cooled and solidified underground . today these are areas of high relief eg the cairngorm mountains

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12
Q

anticline

A

an arch shaped fold in rocks created by tectonic activity

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13
Q

biological weathering

A

plant activity eg tree and shrub roots breaks rocks apart

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14
Q

chemical weathering

A

chemical reactions break down rocks
rainwater is mildly acidic and causes alkaline rocks such as limestone to dissolve

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15
Q

dry valleys

A

steep sided river valleys that formed during the last ice age

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16
Q

landslides

A

the rapid movement of rock fragments and soil under the influence of gravity

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17
Q

physical weathering

A

physical forces break rocks apart eg freeze thaw weathering which occurs when rainwater freezes in cracks and expands

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18
Q

rockfall

A

fragments of rock fall freely from a cliff face

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19
Q

scree

A

angular pieces of rock creates by physical weathering

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20
Q

slope processes

A

the downward movement of material on valley sides eg rockfalls, landslides or soil creep

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21
Q

soil creep

A

the slow , gradual downslope movement of soil

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22
Q

what is the general shape of the landscape in the lake district and the weald

A

lake district - an upland landscape , glaciers creates deep U shaped valleys and hollows now filled by lakes

the weald - a lowland landscape

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23
Q

weathering processes in the lake district and in the weald

A

lake district - grounds are covered in scree which makes it rough , scree consists of angular rock pieces created by freeze thaw weathering , each winter cracks expand and eventually the rock

the weald - chalk is calcium carbonate an alkali so is affected by solution , tree and shrub roots break up solid rocks

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24
Q

main slope processes in the lake district and the weald

A

lake district - scree fragments are unstable and move easily during rockfall , increasing danger for walkers
land slides are common as rain adds to the weight of the weathered rock so it slides easily

the weald - soil creep and rain discharges soil particles

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25
Q

effects of glaciation on the lake district and the weald

A

lake district - glaciers creates deep U shaped valleys and hollows filled now by lakes

the weald - unusual to find rivers , except when it’s saturated after wet weather. as climate warmed , water seeped through the chalk once again leaving dry valleys where rivers had once followed

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26
Q

what does Bradshaw model show

A

how river characteristics change from downstream from source to mouth

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27
Q

what are the 4 methods that rivers use to transport their load

A

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

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28
Q

how do meanders occur

A

the flow of the river swings from side to side and pushes the fastest current towards one river bank

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29
Q

how does an oxbow lake form

A
  1. as a meander bends and develops, it’s neck becomes narrower
  2. eventually the river may erode right through the neck, especially during a flood
  3. water then flows through the new , straighter channel and the old bend is abandoned
  4. opposition on the neck seals of the bend, leaving behind a horse - shoe shaped lake called an oxbow lake
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30
Q

what are floodplains

A

the wide flat areas of land that lie either side of a river channel . they are made by meanders as they migrate across the valley floor

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31
Q

what are levees

A

natural embankments formed along the banks of a river channel

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32
Q

how do deltas form

A
  1. the speed of a river decreases as it approaches the sea and it deposits most of the material that it has been carrying
  2. over time sediment builds up to create an almost flat area of new land, which is the delta
  3. because the river is now flowing very slowly over the almost flat gradient, it’s channel fills up with sediment and the river splits and spreads out into many different streams called distributaries
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33
Q

confluence

A

the point where a tributary meets the main river channel

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34
Q

watershed

A

the boundary between 2 basins

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35
Q

drainage basin

A

area of land drained by a main river channel and its tributaries

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36
Q

factors that affect the flow

A

the surface the precipitation lands on eg if it’s permeable it will lead to infiltration

amount of rainfall

how deep the the soil / rock is

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37
Q

physical cause of river flooding process

A

intense rainfall infiltrates the soil

the soil is quickly saturated so no more rain can infiltrate

surface run off takes water to the river quickly

discharge increases , causing the river to flood

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38
Q

how does urbanisation lead to river flooding

A

impermeable surfaces mean that water can’t infiltrate into the soil

this means there is a large amount of surface run off

discharge increases causing the river to flood

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39
Q

how does deforestation lead to river flooding

A

no trees, reduces the amount of interception

the soil becomes saturated quickly from the infiltration

no more rain can infiltrate which means surface run off takes start to the river quickly

discharge increases causing the river to flood

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40
Q

flooding case study - Sheffield 2007 key info

A

3 river flow through sheffield

there are a number of large reservoirs in the upper courses of sheffield’s rivers

there is steep relief to the west of sheffield

there are two confluences in the NW of the city

sheffield is a large city - an urban area with concrete and tarmac surfaces

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41
Q

why is severe flooding now twice as likely as it was in 2000

A

increasing population

changes to land use

changes to weather patterns linked to climate change

42
Q

what is hard engineering

A

the use of solid structures to resist the forces of erosion and contain the flood

43
Q

what is soft engineering

A

works with natural processes , it does not tend to involve major construction work

44
Q

what are flood walls and what are their advantages and disadvantages

A

flood walls are a form of hard engineering that is a high wall built alongside a river to increase its capacity and prevent flooding

advantages - they can be built in areas with a high risk of floods such as through towns and housing estates

disadvantages - really expensive to build and there is less friction so the water can build up further down the river , this increase the chance of flooding downstream

45
Q

what are embankments and what are their advantages and disadvantages

A

they are examples of hard engineering and are artificial levees built up along the side of the river , they increase the rivers capacity

advantages - looks more natural and blend in with the environment , cheaper than flood walls

disadvantages - made of earth so they can be prone to slumping or erosion which makes them ineffective

46
Q

what is floodplain retention and what are the advantages and disadvantages

A

is an example of soft engineering and is where the level of the floodplain is lower and their surfaces restored to shrubs and grassland, so they store water over a period and release it slowly onto the river

advantages - downstream areas are less likely to flood and planting plants helps to retain some of the water so that flooding is less likely

disadvantages - building currently on the floodplain would have to be demolished , floodplains may loose their current land use

47
Q

what is a storm hydrograph

A

a graph which shows how a river responds to a single rainfall event eg a storm

48
Q

physical factors that affect flooding

A

geology

soil type - sandy soils have bigger pores so can hold much more water than soils that are made of clay

slope - steep slope means there will be more surface run off

drainage basin shape - oval shape means water can travel quickly to the river , circular drainage basin mean that the precipitation had further to travel to the river

49
Q

human factors that affect flooding

A

urbanisation

agriculture - can expose bare soil , increasing soil erosion and filling rivers with sediment

deforestation - reduces interception

50
Q

hard rock coasts

A

resistant rocks such as igneous granite and harder sedimentary rocks such as limestone and chalk

51
Q

soft rock coasts

A

less resistant rocks such as clay and shale , which are more easily eroded

52
Q

rock structure

A

means the way different rock strata are arranged

53
Q

discordant coasts

A

rock strata lie at a right angles to the sea
different rates of erosion create an indented coastline with headlands and bays

54
Q

concordant coasts

A

rock strata lie parallel to the sea
rates of erosion are similar along concordant coasts so relatively straight cliffs form

55
Q

how do coves form

A

wave energy erodes joints and faults in the resistant rock
less resistant rock eroded quickly forming a cove - a bay with a narrow entrance

56
Q

what does wave size depend on

A

wind strength

how long the wind blows for

the length of the water the wind blows over - this is called the fetch

57
Q

where are the largest waves in the UK located and why are they located there

A

the largest waves occur in the south west because the fetch is the longest and the prevailing wind comes from this direction

58
Q

features of a constructive wave

A

have a weak backwash

smaller height and longer wave length

have a strong swash

they create a gentle beach

59
Q

features of a destructive wave

A

have a larger height and a shorter wavelength

have a strong backwash

a weak swash

creates a steep narrow beach

60
Q

how does hydraulic action lead to coastal erosion

A

waves push air into joints and bedding planes in the cliffs , forcing the rock apart

61
Q

how does abrasion lead to coastal erosion

A

waves throw loose sediment against the cliffs , wearing the cliff away

62
Q

how does attrition lead to coastal erosion

A

waves knock pieces of loose sediment together, making them smaller and rounder

63
Q

how does solution lead to coastal erosion

A

weak acids in sea water dissolve carbonate minerals in chalk and limestone rocks

64
Q

how are wave cut platforms formed

A
  1. the sea attacks the base of a cliff forming a wave cut notch
  2. ten notch increases in size causing the cliff to collapse
  3. weathering weakens the top of the cliff
  4. the backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave cut platform
  5. the process repeats and the cliff continues to retreat
65
Q

explain how a stump forms

A
  1. large crack opened up by hydraulic action
  2. crack grows into a cave by hydraulic action and abrasion
  3. cave becomes larger
  4. cave breaks through the headland forming a natural arch
  5. the arch is eroded and collapses
  6. leaves a tall rock stack
  7. the stack is eroded forming a stump
66
Q

where does the sediment come from that creates the depositional land forms

A

cliff erosion

weathering

mass movement eg rock falls and landslides

67
Q

what is long shore drift

A

the zig zag movement of sediment along the coast

68
Q

explain the process of longshore drift

A

sediment moves along the coast via longshore drift

this is because the prevailing wind pushes the swash on an angle

the backwash then brings the water back due to gravity brings the particles / sediment with it

this process then continuously repeats

longshore drift can lead to erosion on coasts because it leaves a certain area with less sand than other areas

69
Q

why do waves loose energy

A

where the coast changes direction

the water is shallow

in sheltered areas eg bays

when there’s little to no wind

70
Q

how does a spit form

A

sediment is carried by longshore drift

when there is a change of shape of the coastline , deposition occurs. A king thin ridge of material is deposited , this is the spit

a hooked end can form if there is a change in wind direction

waves cannot get past a spit , therefore the water behind a spit is very sheltered . silts are deposited here to form salt marshes or mud flats

71
Q

how is a bar formed

A

once deposition forms a spit , it will eventually grow to meet the other headland

this is called a bar

72
Q

what is the body of water behind a bar called

A

a lagoon

73
Q

example of human processes on the tyne and wear coast

A

roker has a sea walk and beach replenishment to maintain tourist beaches

north shields fish quay - largest prawn port in england - this made jobs available in the area

74
Q

what is migration

A

the movement of people from one place to another

reasons for migration can be economic, social, environmental or political

75
Q

positive impacts of international migration to the UK

A

skills gaps are filled

the economy benefits from hardworking people

public services benefit e.g. more workers in the NHS

government tax revenue increases

immigrant groups boost the birth rate ( UK has an ageing population)

76
Q

negative impacts of international migration to the UK

A

pressure put on services, housing and infrastructure

friction may develop between host population and migrant groups

gender imbalance, usually more men migrate than women

migrants tend to be located together in large city areas

77
Q

unemployment rate in the north east of England

A

8 percent

78
Q

unemployment rate in the south east of England

A

6 percent

79
Q

describe the job sectors in the north east of England

A

primary - coal mining used to be common but has experienced a decline because of exhaustion of coal seams

secondary - used to be 40% of employment but has fallen to 10.2%

tertiary/quaternary - largest sector - public services and the NHS

80
Q

describe the job sectors in the south east of England

A

primary - has some of the most prosperous arable farms in Britain

secondary - manufacturing is growing rapidly such as electronics and engineering on the M4 corridor

tertiary/quaternary - wide range of financial and business services located in the region and more are looking to move in

81
Q

how has globalisation affected the UK economy

A

free trade policies - created employment in secondary sector and increased the role of car manufacturing

skilled workforce - TNC’s are attracted to come over because of the high percentage of people with degrees

privatisaton - private companies e.g. Virgin Care are located in tax free havens and the UK economy does not benefit whatsoever

82
Q

name a deprived part of London

A

Newham

83
Q

name an affluent part of London

A

Richmond - Upon - Thames

84
Q

overall where are the most deprived areas of London located

A

the closer their proximity to the River Thames , the richer areas the further away from the River Thames

85
Q

what were the four reasons for London’s decline

A

suburbanisation

deindustrialisation

depopulation

decentralisation

86
Q

what caused deindustrialisation in London

A

containerisation - the use of large container ships led to the closure of London’s port because the River Thames was too narrow and shallow to allow them inland

industries that relied on the port moved away and employment in manufacturing declined

87
Q

what caused depopulation in London

A

people who once worked in London’s port or other industries that relied on it became unemployed

in some parts of east London 60% of people were out of work

this led to out migration

88
Q

what caused suburbanisation in London

A

transport links improved e.g. the london underground which meant people could commute into london city

this meant the city lost 1.5 million people between 1951 and 1981

89
Q

what caused decentralisation in London

A

an increase in the people living in the suburbs meant they wanted to be able to shop and work there to

this caused inner London to build two big shopping centres to attract people into the city e.g. Stratford ad Shepherds Bush

90
Q

what regeneration and rebranding happened in east London

A

in Newham , east London , a huge effort has been made to regenerate derelict land and rebrand the borough

Stratford was selected to create the Olympic Park

91
Q

what four factors caused reurbanisation

A

space

investment

gentrification

studentification

92
Q

what is a sustainable city

A

one that is able to meet the needs of people now and in the future, whilst limiting harm to the environment

93
Q

how has London made transport more sustainable

A

introduced a congestion charge in 2003

since 2012 all new buses have been hybrid making buses cleaner and more fuel efficient

94
Q

how has London made employment more sustainable

A

many companies are encouraging employers to work from home a couple days a week

95
Q

how has London made affordable housing more sustainable

A

property developers must include a set number of affordable homes when they are building new housing estates

96
Q

how have London made energy efficient housing more sustainable

A

Bed ZED homes use 81% less energy for heating, 45% less electricity and recycle 60% of their waste

97
Q

how have London made recycling more sustainable

A

london plans to reduce household waste by 10% by - reusing waste, providing accessible recycling and composting services

98
Q

where is Terling

A

Essex

99
Q

advantages of places like Terling

A

people living in rural areas but working in the city can get higher wages

urban residents can access pleasant rural landscape or leisure

people in accessible rural areas can access urban centralised services like hospitals

100
Q

disadvantages of places like Terling

A

rural locations become too expensive for local young people to buy homes

development of greenfield sites makes rural areas more urban

urban decentralisation as developments move to the rural urban fringe

geography (10 decks)

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