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EDU525 Statistics > Comprehensive Exam > Flashcards

Comprehensive Exam Flashcards

0
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

Subtraction to get a good number.

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1
Q

Action Research

A

Is used to solve an immediate problem in your classroom.
Ex: fix bad behavior of students.
*not generalized to the larger population

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2
Q

Nominal

A

Basic classification by assigning something a number.

Ex: men: 1; women: 2

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3
Q

Independent Variables

A

Is manipulated by the research to see how it effects the dependent variable.

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4
Q

Symbols for a Sample

A 
n= population
s= standard deviation
s^2= variance 
x(bar)= mean
Data= statistic
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5
Q

Quasi-Experimental

A 
Uses INTACT GROUPS (i.e., a whole class not a random sample.)
Uses variables
Similar to Experimental except the sample methods are different.
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6
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

People who are being watched are more likely to change their behavior.
Subjects knew they were being watched and performed better.

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7
Q

Case Study

A

Looking at a particular group or person.

Done through observations of the subject(s).

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8
Q

Ratio

A

Provides an absolute 0 (zero).

Ex: a person who is 60 is twice as old as a person who is 30.

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9
Q

Incidental Sample

A

Similar to a cluster sample in that you use whoever is present in that moment.

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10
Q

Systematic Sample

A

Use a system to get a sample, also known as the Kth.
Used to select the number of people to participate.
*problem: it does not provide much variety among the sample.
Ex: list out the people and select every 4th person.

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11
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that states that there is a difference/relationship and identifies what that difference will be.
Ex: spelling book”A” is better than spelling book “B”
-hypothesizes a difference in the results.

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12
Q

Continuous Variables

A

Variables that go in (i.e., 3.1, 3.2, 3.3,…)

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13
Q

Discrete Variables

A

Variables that are full numbers (i.e., 3, 4, 5,…)

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14
Q

Quantitative Research

A 
Involves numbers
Experimental
Uses variables
Deductive reasoning
Random sample
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15
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Effected by the independent variable. (It is dependent upon it)
-it changes based on how the independent variable is manipulated throughout the research.

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16
Q

Validity

A

Internal Validity: The research was done well/right.
External Validity: results can be generalized to the larger population.

*i did good research therefore it can be generalized to the larger population.

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17
Q

Reliability

A

Internal Reliability: use the same group and get SIMILAR results
External Reliability: use a different group and get SIMILAR results

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18
Q

Interval

A

Measurement scale that has no absolute zero

Ex: a thermometer

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19
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Mean: average
Median: midpoint
Mode: number that occurs most often ( bi-modal, or tri-modal)

20
Q

Variance

A

A step used to get to the standard deviation

21
Q

Generalizability

A

Results can be applied to the larger population.

22
Q

Ordinal

A

Measurement scale that puts things in order.

23
Q

Population symbols

A 
N= population
Sigma= standard deviation
Sigma ^2= variance
Mu= mean
Data= parameter
24
Q

Histogram

A

A visual diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is directly related to the frequency of the scores.

25
Q

Convenience Sample

A

A sample that takes the group as it is.
Ex: a whole class, grade level, district, etc.)
-becomes quasi-experimental

26
Q

Extraneous Variables/Constants

A

Something that remains the same (i.e., grade level, subject, etc.)
-it is not the primary focus of the research but it can get in the way of the results and therefore is held constant.

27
Q

Stratified Sample

A

Place possible participants into different stratas and select an equal number from each to create a sample.
Ex: men = 5; women = 20. Must select five from each strata. Creates an equal number of male and female participants.

28
Q

Research Threats

A

History
Testing (pre-test can effect the post-test)
Volunteers (those who volunteer are more likely to do better)
Instrumentation (using the wrong research method)

29
Q

External Validity a Threats

A

Hawthorne Effect: being watched effects actions.
John Henry Effect: competition drives people to do better.
-these prevent results from being generalized to the larger population.

30
Q

Basic Research

A

Is theory research, adding to one’s theory base.

Does not involve children

31
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

How often people got each particular score.

- 5 people got 10, 3 got 8, etc.

32
Q

Frequency Polygon

A

A visual representation of the frequency distribution or how many people got each score.

33
Q

Measures of Variability

A

Range (highest - lowest)+1
Variance
Standard Deviation

34
Q

Purposeful Sample

A

The people who are selected to participate in the sample are chosen to participate on purpose.

35
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The mean distance from the mean derived from the variance.

that shows where a person lies on a graph in regards to the average of the population (above/below)

36
Q

Difference between Quasi-Experimental and Experimental research

A

Quasi-Experimental uses an intact group for the sample.

Experimental uses a random sample.

37
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that states that there is no difference hypothesized in the results.
Ex: there is no difference between spelling book “A” and spelling book “B”

38
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that hypothesizes a difference in the results but does not specify what the difference is.
Ex: there is a difference between spelling book “A” and spelling book “B”

39
Q

John Henry Effect

A

Competition drives people to do better.

40
Q

Applied Research

A

Research done within a classroom to see if something will change.
Ex: will spelling book “B” increase spelling test scores vs. spelling book “A”

41
Q

P Level

A

The level at which we reject the null hypothesis as being a true hypothesis.
5% of the time the null hypothesis could be rejected. If the P Level is greater than 5% it is rejected, if it is less than it is true.

42
Q

Measurement Scale

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

43
Q

Random Sample

A

Everyone has an equal opportunity at being selected to participate in the sample.

44
Q

Non-Experimental

A

Expost facto (after the fact)
Correlational (surveys)
Causal comparative

45
Q

Inferential Research

A

Use the sample to infer about the larger population and draw conclusions.

46
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Used to describe characteristics of the population being studied.

  • does not answer how/when/why the characteristics occurred
  • addresses the “what” question
47
Q

Range

A

(Highest-lowest)+1

48
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Descriptive, narrative, observational. (Answer: “what’s happening?”

  • none experimental
  • naturally occurring (in a natural setting) with an emergent design
  • generally has no hypothesis
    • historical, interviews, ethnographic.

EDU525 Statistics (1 decks)

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