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PBD > Concepts of Disease > Flashcards

Concepts of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology? (2 parts)

A
  1. Science that deals with activities or function of the body and its parts
  2. Science that studies the compensatory and adaptive responses of a HEALTHY body
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2
Q

What is pathophysiology? (2 parts)

A
  1. The study of disordered function
  2. A complex science - involves the mechanism of the development of disease (PATHOGENESIS) and the response of the organism to the disease
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3
Q

What is etiology?

A

Study of the cause of any disease or the theory of its origin

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4
Q

What is idiopathic?

A

Self-originating or without any known cause

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5
Q

What is the difference between a symptom and a sign?

A

Symptom - Changes in body function FELT by the patient (subjective)
Sign - Changes in body function OBSERVED by others

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6
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

Characteristic GROUP of signs and symptoms

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7
Q

What is sequelae?

A
  • Impairments that follow or are actually caused by the disease process
  • “a condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury”
    ie Chronic kidney disease is sometimes a sequela of diabetes
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8
Q

What is a complication?

A
  • A secondary disease or condition aggravating an already existing one
  • Not an essential part of the disease (not everyone gets the complication)
    ie Generalized septicemia (infection of the blood) may occur as a complication of an infected wound or abscess
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9
Q

What is iatrogenic?

A

Adverse condition in a patient induced by treatment (could be a side effect, drug interaction, medical error, etc)

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10
Q

What is insidious?

A

Also gradual and subtle development, comes on slowly without obvious symptoms (at first)

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11
Q

What is exacerbation?

A

Increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptoms

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12
Q

What is congenital?

A

Conditions that exist at birth (does not necessarily mean genetic disorder)

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13
Q

Are congenital conditions always manifested at birth?

A

Not necessarily, can develop within the first month of life

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14
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Factors that predispose or contribute to the development of a particular disease.
ie Smoking, obesity

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15
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment

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16
Q

What is “characteristic of health”?

A

Ability of the body (cell or organ) to respond to threats against homeostasis

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17
Q

What is the “most useful yardstick of health”?

A

Ability of an organism to adapt to the external environment to maintain homeostasis

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18
Q

What is required for the maintenance of homeostasis?

A

Regulation, ie Feedback systems

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19
Q

What are the requirements of regulated feedback systems?

A
  • Receptor/sensor (sense it)
  • Integrator/comparator (integrate it)
  • Effector system (bring it back)
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20
Q

Describe negative feedback systems

A

Input produces response in the opposite direction

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21
Q

Describe positive feedback systems

A

Input produces response in the same direction

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22
Q

What is the most common type of feedback system in the healthy state?

A

Negative feedback system

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23
Q

When does disease occur?

A
  • Disease is the result when homeostasis cannot be maintained
  • Can occur when regulatory feedback systems fail
24
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A
  • “Form of life beyond limits of normal”

- Sum of all of the processes that have been disturbed, shifted out of normal range

25
Q

What is the “concept of normal”?

A

Established statistically from test results obtained from a subpopulation

26
Q

What is the acceptable range of variation around an average value (to still be considered normal)?

A

Average +/- 2 standard deviations

refer to the 95% distribution

27
Q

What is the healthy range of variation for serum sodium?

A

135-145 mEq/L (mM)

28
Q

What is the healthy range of variation for serum potassium?

A

3.3-5 mEq/L (mM)

29
Q

What is the healthy range of variation for Hemoglobin?

A

12 to 17 g/dl or g/100mL

30
Q

What are the 4 sources of variation we were given?

A

Genetics, Life history/environment (experiences), Measurement of variables (ie different blood pressure cuffs give dif readings), and biological/circadian rhythms

31
Q

What are biological/circadian rhythms?

A

Endogenous self-sustained ~24 hr rhythm

Clocks coordinate energy homeostasis with the environment

32
Q

What do the slides say may be the dominant cue to circadian rhythm?

A

Feeding

33
Q

Significant association between circadian disruptions induced by shift-work and extended exposure to light increases risk of…

A

Cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity

34
Q

Are diagnostic tests affected by circadian rhythms?

A

Yes, they can impact the diagnosis of a disease

35
Q

Synchronize medications with biological rhythms to…

A

Optimize treatment outcomes and minimize side effects

36
Q

Spirometric testing should be done ________ (when?) because….

A

Spirometric testing should be done at the start of the clinic day because airway response is the greatest and reactivity is higher in early morning

37
Q

Heart attacks and strokes occur most frequently when? Why?

A
  • Early morning

- Blood pressure and heart rate are highest at this time

38
Q

What implications does chronobiology have in diagnosis/treatment?

A
  • Specific time you take your medication may make an important difference
  • Modify timing of drugs to achieve greatest benefit with least side effects
39
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A
  • Mechanisms that occur in both the invasion of the pathogen and the observed abnormalities resulting from that invasion
  • The series of events that take place from contact with the etiological event to expression of the disease
40
Q

What is the sub-clinical stage of disease?

A

Stage in the disease process where the patient appears to function normally

41
Q

Infectious diseases have ______ over the past 100 years

A

Decreased

42
Q

Degenerative ailments (such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, etc) have ______ over the past 100 years

A

Increased

43
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A
  • Came from nonhuman animals

- AIDS, SARS, EBOLA

44
Q

_______ is the most deadly of all childhood fever/rash illnesses

A

Measles

45
Q

More than 1 in __ public school kindergartners do not get all the vaccines required for attendance

A

20

46
Q

Number of diseases are ______, body responses are ______.

A

Infinite ; finite

47
Q

What are the leading health indicators in the US?

A

Physical activity, Overweight/Obesity, Tobacco use

48
Q

In 2005, __% of adults between 17 and 24 were too overweight to be considered for service in the military

A

27%

49
Q

In 2010, no state met the goal of __% obese adults

A

15%

50
Q

More than 1 in _ of US adults and __% of youth are obese

A

1 in 3; 17%

51
Q

Obesity accounts for __% of US healthcare costs

A

21%

52
Q

A 2013 report found that the USA ranks at or near the bottom in _ key areas of health. However, we have higher….

A

Nine; Cancer survival rates, lower blood pressure, and cholesterol levels and lower smoking prevalance

53
Q

The US is the world’s biggest spender on…

A

drugs

54
Q

The least obese state in the US is…

A

Montana; 19.6%

55
Q

What states have the deadliest eating habits?

A

Alabama and Mississippi

56
Q

It is projected the national obesity level will be __% by 2030

A

42%

57
Q

The most obese state in the US is…

A

Mississippi

PBD (7 decks)

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