conflict + tension Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
who were the big 3?
A
- President Wilson (usa)
- French PM Georges Clemenceau
- British PM Lloyd-George
2
Q
what were wilson’s main aims for the treaty of versailles and why?
A
- world peace and democracy (he was an idealist)
- didn’t want germany punished too harshly because he believed they would want revenge in the future
- didn’t need reparations because america only joined the war in 1917 so they didn’t need much money to compensate the economic loss of ww1
- self-determination of colonies
- an international peace-keeping body (league of nations)
3
Q
who attended the paris peace conference?
A
- 32 states representing 75% of the world’s population
- russia and germany were not represented
4
Q
what were clemenceau’s main aims for the treaty of versailles and why?
A
- revenge - france had suffered enormous damages eg. 14% of french troops were dead, 53% wounded, lots of pressure from french public to punish harshly
- weaken the germans - neighbouring country so felt threatened because it was very powerful
- take back land lost in 1870
- reparations - lots of the fighting took place in france so lots of money needed to repair damages
5
Q
what were lloyd-georges’ main aims for the treaty of versailles and why?
A
- punish harshly + revenge - lots of pressure from british public eg hang the kaiser campaign
- wanted germany to lose their navy and colonies so that the british empire could be the strongest
- didn’t want to destroy the german economy since germany was an important trade partner for britain
6
Q
what were wilson’s 14 points?
A
wilson proposed some peace settlement terms before peace was agreed at the paris peace conference
eg no secret treaties, independence for belgium, league of nations to be set up
7
Q
terms of the treaty of versailles - disarment
A
- no tanks, airforce, conscription or submarines
- navy reduced to 6 battleships
- rhineland demilitarised
- army limited to 100,00 men
- navy limited to 15,00 men
8
Q
terms of the treaty of versailles - war guilt
A
article 231 - had to take full responsibilty for the war
9
Q
terms of the treaty of versailles - reparations
A
had to pay the Allies £6.6 billion in damages caused by ww1
(if terms hadn’t been changed, germany would have paid until 1984!)
10
Q
terms of the treaty of versailles - league of nations
A
- international peacekeeping organisation set up in 1920 from wilson’s 14 points
- germany banned from joining until 1926
11
Q
what were the terms of the treaty of versailles?
(GLART)
A
Guilt (231)
League of nations
Army
Reparations
Territories and land
12
Q
terms of the treaty of versailles - land and territories
A
lose:
* 10% land
* all oversea territories
* 12.5% population
* 16% coalfields
* almost half of iron and steel industry
* polish corridor (split germany up)
* saar and uppersilesia which were important industrially
* Cameroon, Samoa, Togoland
meanwhile britain and france gained land from Ottoman and German territories
13
Q
what is a diktat?
A
something that is dictated so you have no choice
eg. Germany called the Treaty of Versailles a DIKTAT
14
Q
how does the treaty of versailles compare to the treaty of brest-litvosk?
A
treaty of brest-litvosk was much harsher eg russia lost 34% of population so people did not emphasize with germany
15
Q
was clemenceau satisfied with terms of the treaty of versailles?
A
- didn’t agree with germany not being fully disarmened or with the league of nations (‘waste of money’)
- satisfied with reparations and war guilt, and with german loss of land and territories
*overall not very satisfied
16
Q
was lloyd-george satisfied with terms of the treaty of versailles?
A
- to some extent agreed with war guilt due to fear of germans wanting revenge in the future
- didn’t like that germany was weakened so much since this resulted in loss of a trade partner, and gave france too much power
- agreed with reparations
- thought league would need too much time and money
*overall not too satisfied..
17
Q
terms of the treaty of versailles - austria and germany
A
germany cannot anschluss (unite) with autria
18
Q
was wilson satisfied with terms of the treaty of versailles?
A
- happy with league and self determination since those were in his 14 points
- satisfied that germany siarmed, but unsatisfied that there was not global disarment
- didn’t agree with punishing germany so harshly
- didn’t agree with germans being displaced due to shifts in territories
*overall not very satisfied
19
Q
why did the big 3 not get what they wanted from the treaty of versailles?
A
- conflicting ideas so all had to compromise
- each of the big 3 wanted the treaty to fufill their own self interests
( france - revenge
britain - imperialism
usa - idealism and isolationism)
20
Q
what was dolchstosslegende?
A
‘stabbed in the back’ theory
* germans believed they had been stabbed in the back by the politicans because they signed this unfair treaty
21
Q
what did the weimar gov become known as due to the treaty of versailles?
A
november criminals
22
Q
what were german reactions to the treaty of versailles?
A
- betrayl (dolchstosslegende)
- shock (thought they were winning the war)
- thought it was unfair since 14 points were not reflected
- angry at 231 war guilt since they believed blame should be shared
- embarassed because of disarment and loss of empire (source of pride)
23
Q
what problems did the treaty of versailles cause for germany?
A
- invasion of the ruhr (economic)
- spartacist rebellion (political)
- kapp putsch (political)
- munich (beer haul) putsch (political)
- hyperinflation (economic)
24
Q
what and when was the invasion of the ruhr and why did it happen?
A
- in 1922, germany was unable to pay the £50million installment of the reparations
- in 1923, france and germany entered the Ruhr (most important industrial area) and began to take what was owed in goods
- french reacted to passive german resistance by killing +100 workers and expelling +100,00 protestors for the region
- this was legal under treaty of versailles
25
what and when was the spartacist rebellion and why did it happen?
1919-1920
* german communist party set up soviets with the support of rebel soldiers and sailors
* weimar ordered left wing ex-soldiers (freikorps) to put down rebellion in Bavaria 1919, leaving 2000 casualties
26
what and when was the kapp putsch and why did it happen?
* March 1920 - Kapp lead 5000 friekorps into berlin in an attempt to revolt
* army refused to fire but workers striked so rebellion failed
27
what and when was the munich putsch and why did it happen?
1923- Hitler attempted to topple weimar gov in munich beer haul putsch
- failed and was arrested
28
when did hyperinflation happen in germany and why did it happen?
1923
germany was struggling to pay the £6.6 billion of reparations
29
could the treaty of versailles be justified at the time? - yes
* most countries thought it fair due to the much harsher treaty of brest-litovsk
* public in france and britain thought germany deserved to be punished
30
could the treaty of versailles be justified at the time? - no
* america lent germany money through dawes plan because germany was unable to pay rparations by itself, so it was unfair
* fully blamed germany even though there were other causes eg arms race
* encouraged rise of extremist groups such as spartacists and nazis
31
what were the similarities between treaty of versailles and other treaties for germany's allies?
* all took land and territories
* disarmed the countries
* many also imposed reparations
32
austria peace treaty ww1?
treaty of st germain
* forbid anschluss with germany
* took land to create yugoslavia and czechoslovakia including industrial land which led to economic collapse in 1921
* no navy allowed
33
hungary peace treaty ww1?
treaty of trianon
* hungarian land lost to romania, yugoslavia, austria and czechoslovakia
* limited to 30,000 men in the army
34
turkey first peace treaty ww1?
* treaty of sèveres - 1920
* split up ottoman empire
* army restricted to 50,000men
* turkey previously controlled the Dardanelles and Bosphorous straits (waters connecting the mediterrean and the black sea) - treaty demanded that these waters would become open for everyone
35
turkey renewed peace treaty ww1?
* turkey threatened the allies with another war if a fairer peace wasn't renegotiated
* this led to the treaty of lausanne in 1923
* turkey took back most of the land and the dardanelles and bosphorous straits they had lost in the previous treaty
* also did not have to pay any reparations
36
what were the consequences of turkey renogotiating a 'fairer' peace in the treaty of lausanne?
* proved that the initial terms set out by the treaty of sèveres were unfair, which undermined the other treaties
* germany attempted to renegotiate too but the allies did not allow it since they knew the threat of war ws empty since germany was quite weak after ww1
37
what was the usa's aims for the league of nations?
'world parliment' where all the countries would meeet regularly to peacefully resolve, discuss and address global issues
38
what was france's aims for the league of nations?
strong league with its own army
39
what was britain's aims for the league of nations?
simple organisation that would get together in emergencies
40
what is a covenant?
an agreement
41
what is collective security?
each member state will defend a fellow member if attacked
42
what are commissions?
groups set up to deal with specific issues eg refugee commission
43
when was the league of nations set up?
jan 1920
44
what main aims were set up in the covenant for the league of nations? (4)
1. discourage aggression from any nation
2. encourage countries to cooperate especially in business and trade
3. encourage countires to disarm
4. improve the living and working conditions of global citizens
45
what were the consquences of america not joining the league of nations?
* the other main founding members were economically drained from ww1 so did not have enough money to renforce the aims of the covenant eg by enforcing sanctions
46
why didn't the usa join the league of nations?
congress did not ratify it so the usa wasn't allowed to join
47
how did the league of nations try to enforce its aims?
* moral condemnation
* economic sanctions
* military force
48
when was germany in the league of nations?
1926 (allowed to join) to 1933 (hitler left the league)
49
what did the assembly of the league of nations do?
* met once a year
* all member nations had one vote to vote on admitting new members, appointing temporary members in the council and how the budget should be spent
50
what did the council of the league of nations do?
* in 1920, japan, britain, france and italy were permanant members, with temporary members voted in
* main aim - stop disputes between members of the league through moral condemnation, economic sanctions and military force
51
what did the secretariat of the league of nations do?
* permanant 'civil service' of the league
* carried out decisions taken by the council
* kept record and prepared reports for each agency
52
what did the permanant court of justice of the league of nations do?
* 15 international judges met to resolve global disputes
* had no way of enforcing rulings
53
what commissions did the league of nations have?
* refugees
* drug addiction
* health
* abolition of slavery
* minorities
* mandates
* women
aimed to tackle all the main global issues
54
what did the international labour organisation of the league of nations do?
discussed working conditions and got countries to improve them
55
strengths of the league of nations
* dedicated commissions aimed to tackle specific issues
* attempts to resolve disputes and keep the peace
* almost all of the world involved
56
weaknesses of the league of nations
* permanant members of the council had more power ie a veto (power imbalance could lead to more conflict)
* not enough money or resources to achieve or enforce the aims
57
what were the league of nation's succesful attempts of solving border disputes in the 1920s? (3)
1. bulgaria (1925)
2. aaland Islands (1921)
PARTIALLY SUCCESFUL
1. upper selsia (1921-5)
58
what were the league of nation's unsuccesful attempts of solving border disputes in the 1920s? (3)
1. vilna (1920)
2. corfu (1923)
PARTIALLY UNSUCCESFUL
1. upper silesia (1921-25)
59
what and when was the border dispute in bulgaria and how did the league of nations try to solve it?
bulgaria - 1925
- greek soldiers killed on border, so greece invaded bulgaria
- bulgaria appealed to leauge for help
- the league made greece withdraw
(succesful)
60
what and when was the border dispute in the aaland islands and how did the league of nations try to solve it?
aaland islands 1921
- dispute between sweden and finland over owership of islands
- league gave the aaland islands to finland, sweden complied
(success)
61
what and when was the border dispute in corfu and how did the league of nations try to solve it?
corfu - 1923
- italian general and troop killed on albanian-greek border
- italy invaded corfu (greek) and killed 15
- greece appealed to the league but the league sided with italy and greece had to pay compensation
(failure + showed how stronger countries could undermine the league)
62
what and when was the border dispute in vilna and how did the league of nations try to solve it?
vilna - 1920
- capital of lithuania but ethnically polish
- poland invaded and the league did nothing because france and britain wanted poland as an ally
(failure)
63
what and when was the border dispute in upper selsia and how did the league of nations try to solve it?
upper selsia - 1921-1925
- important industrial area disputed between germany and poland
- dispute settled by a plebiscite which led to germany recieving most rural areas and poland recieving industrial areas
64
why was upper selsia a partial success for the league of nations?
not a success:
- poles recieved 1/2 of population but 1/3 land which they found unfair
- germans lost 3/4 of coal mines
- worsened relationship
success:
- both countries accepted the decision
65
what were the locarno treaties?
lots of treaties drawn up in locarno, switzerland in autmn 1925, signed in london by main european countries as well as the ussr and germany
- main aim was to solve disputes peacefully
66
what was the main locarno treaty?
treaty signed by frace, belgium and germany, who promised to accept the territorial terms of the ToV on western front
67
when and what was the kellog-briand pact?
kellog-briand pact - 1928
- pact initiated by american kellog and french briand and signed by 61 other countries
- aim : not use war as a way of solving international disputes
- problems : weakened league (contradicted collective security)
68
4 main examples of diplomacy outside the league in the 1920s
- kellod-briand pact
- locarno treaties
- dawes plan
- young plan
69
what and when was the dawes plan?
- dawes plan -> 1924
- financial plan set up by britain,
france, italy, belgium and the usa to help germany pay reparations by reducing anual payments and forcing france out of the ruhr
- also lent germany moeny (from the usa)
70
when and what was the young plan?
- young plan - 1929
- american plan to cut germanys reparations from £6.6bn to £2bn over 59yrs
- adopted in 1930, but stopped by hitler after 1933
71
what was a problem of diplomacy outside the league?
undermined the league and often contradicted their decisions
72
what 4 factors lead to failure of the league in the 1930s?
1. great depression
2. manchuria
3. abyssinia
4. hitler's foreign policy
73
how was disarmament a failure in the 1920s?
washington conference
1921- japan, usa, france britain etc. accepted disarmament
1923 - france accepted but britain rejected it
1926 - agreed on a draft conventio to discuss in 1931
1932 - conference fails to agree, germany leaves , and then returns on the terms that all countries disarm, but they do not
feb 1933 germany begans rearming in secret
oct 1933 - hitler leaves disarmamet conference
74
how was the league affected by the great depression?
- lack of international cooperation towards global interest because countries all focused on improving own economies
- any sanctions were not rernforced so league had no power in peace-keeping
75
how was japan affected by the great depression?
- relied on america as a main consumer of luxurious silk but this stopped so they lost a lot of their marker
- could not afford food/ resources
76
# tt
what happened in the manchurian crisis?
(timeline 1931-33)
**sept 1931** - japan claims chinese soldiers sabotaged manchurian railway
**feb 1932** - japan conquers manchuria and sets up puppet gov
**jan-march 1932**- japan captures shanghai
**april 1932**- lord lytton arrives in manchuria with league delegation
**oct 1932** - league declares japan is at fault + should leave
**feb 1933** - league votes against japan so japan walks out
league can't agree on saction so does nothing
77
what was the long term cause of the manchurian crisis?
- great depression left economic crisis in japan bc the usa (main consumer of japanese silk) couldn't afford it anymore
- army generals took over gov and foreign policy which led to the expansion of the japanese empire for more resources, food and land through manchuria
78
what was the short term cause/ trigger of the manchurian crisis?
sept 1931 - japan claims chinese soldiers sabotaged south manchurian railway which is an important trade link for japan
79
what actions did the league take in response to the manchurian crisis?
- china appealed for help but jaapn ( a powerful member) claimed it was self-defence
- sept 1932, league presemnted report and morally condemned japan, stating manchuria should be returned to china
- feb 1933, japan refused and walked out of league
- usa was main trading partner and not in the league so sanctions wouldn't affect japan
**- league did nothing **
80
consequences of the manchurian crisis
- league did nothing so japan was able to carry on invading china and by 1937 ha dinvaded all of china with no reprecussions
- undermined and made the league look powerless
- encouraged future agressive foreign policy eg abyssinia
81
what were the events of the abyssinian crisis? (timeline)
1934 - wal-wal incident (dispute between italian and ethopian soldiers) makes mussolini claim abyssina as italian territory
1934 - haile selassie (abyssinia leader) appeals to league for help
jan 1935 - mussolini ships army to africa
1935 - britain, frace and iitaly sign the stresa pact/front
sep 1935 - league's report shows that neither nations were at fault
oct 1935 - italy fully invades abyssina with tanks, poison gas and planes
1935 - weak economic sactions placed on italy
82
what were the causes of the abyssian crisis? (4)
1.felt ashamed that in 1896 had been defeated in their attempt of invasion
2.glory and conquest (restore roman empire)
3.fertile land and mineral wealth
4.more room for growing population
83
what were the consequences of the league's failure to deal with the abyssinian crisis (3)?
**undermined leagueand made it lose credibility + be powerless**
1. march 1936 - hitler moved troops to rhineland
2. collective security disproved
3. rome-berlin axis signed in nov 1936 which created an alliance between the 2 most powerful nations which threatened world peace
84
what was the hoare-laval pact?
secret pact between france and britain to appease italy and give mussolini 2/3 of abyssinia if he stopped the invasion (but it got leaked to the press before it could take place)
85
what was the significance and consequences of the hoare-laval pact?
- betrayed league's main aims
- favoured more powerful countries and showed how member were biased which undermined league
- gave italy more time because it shifted discussions from sanctions
86
what was the significance of the suez canal in the abyssinian crisis?
suez canal - provided easy access for italy to abyssinia which allowed mussolini to quickly build up supplies and troops
britain and france wanted italy as an ally and didn't want to risk conflict so they didn't close the canal
87
what was the stressa pact?
a pact between france, britain and italy to stand united against germany/german rearmament signed in early 1935
88
why did the league allow mussolini to get away with the abyssinian crisis? (4)
1. national self-interest/ wanting to preserve own economic interests
2. weakness in league's organisation and power
3. missing usa and ussr
4. stresa pact
89
why did the league fail in the 1930s?
1. aggressive foreigm policy (japan-manchuria, germany-rhineland, italy-abysinnia)
2. usa not a memeber so defies league
3. lots of diplomacy outside the league
4. decisions took too long
5. rise of authotarian/millitary govs
6. countries acting in own self interest
90
what were the 11 aims of the nazis?
1. scrap ToV
2. brot und arbeit
3. destroy bolshevism
4. antisemitism
5. anschluss
6. ensure aryan supremacy
7. lebensraum
8. build nationalism
9. strengthen central gov
10. nationalize industry
11. improve education
91
what and when was the dolfuss affair and which nazi aim does it link to?
july 1934
austrian chancellor dolfuss was assassiated in 1934 by 10 austrian nazis, hitler considered annexing austria but mussolini threatened war (bordering)
(anschluss)
92
what and when was the saar plebiscite and which nazi aim does it link to?
1935 - entirely legal plebicite as to whether saar should return to germany. 90% voted for it to return
(lebensraum)
93
what and when did hitler begin rearming in secret and which nazi aim does it link to?
1933
scrap ToV (which said germany had to disarm)
94
what and when did hitler rearm publicly and which nazi aim does it link to?
1935
openly paraded 2000 aircraftad 500,000 troops in public rally
britain did nothing, felt treaty was too harsh
(scrap ToV)
95
what and when was the anglo-naval agreement and which nazi aim does it link to?
june 1935
britain allowed germany to increase its navy to 35% the size of britain's navy, france was angry but couldn't do anything (scrap ToV by rearming)
96
what and when was the remilitarisation of the rhineland and which nazi aim does it link to?
march 1936
german troops marched into rhineland, met with no resistance
(scrao the ToV)
france proteted because it was on their border, but britain believed it was okay because it was german territory
97
what and when did germany get involved with the spanish civil war and which nazi aim does it link to?
1936
- germans tested new weapons and luftwaffe on spanish communists
- supported by general franco and mussolini
(destroy bolshevism)
98
what and when was the anti-comintern pact and which nazi aim does it link to?
1936 - japan and germany
1937 - italy also joins
anti-communist international
aim - destroy communism in china and ussr, stop communist influence globally
- increases likelyhood of war and hostility
99
what was the ruhr?
an industrial area of germay that was legally invaded by belgium and france in 1923 when germany stopped paying reparations
100
what was the sudetenland?
an area of germany that was given to czechoslovakia even though many living there were ethnically german
101
what was the rhineland?
german territoy demilitarised zone on the french german border
(remilitarized in 1936)
102
when and how did germany remilitarize the rhineland and which nazi aim does it link to?
1936
- hitler claimed germany was under threat because ussr and france had signed a treaty to protect each other
- gave hitler confidence he wouldm't be stopped in foreign policy
- germay had orders to retreat if the frech resisted, but met with no resistance from britain and france
103
what was the significance of the remilitarization of the rhineland?
- emboldened hitler
- considered other ways of breaking ToV eg anschluss
- britain and france began to rearm and signed an agreement with each other and belgium to protect each other from german attack
- rome-berlin axis signed in 1936
104
3 key consequences of remilitarization of rhineland
1. emboldens hitler
2. weakened france and britain
3. breaks locarno treaties and treaty of versailles
105
what does anschluss meaning?
uniting (with austria)
106
why did hitler want to unite with austria? (5)
1. shared similar language and culture
2. hitler himself was ethnically austrian
3. lebensraum
4. defy ToV
5. fought together in ww1
107
what was the anschluss?
- german annexation of austria
- peace treaty and military alliance between germany and austria
108
7 events of the anschluss (timeline)
1936-7 - mussolini allied with hitler (rome-berlin axis) and agreed not to intervene if germay annexed austria
early 1938 - rising nazi demonstations, influence and unrest in austria (backed by hitler)
12th feb 1938 - berchtesgade meeting
9th march 1938- schuschigg calls a plebiscite
11th march 1938 - schuschigg forced to resign
12th march 1938 - german troops cross austria border unopposed
10th april 1938 - hitler's plebiscite showed '99.75%' were in favour of anschluss
109
when and what was the berchstesgaden meeting?
meeting between hitler and schuschnigg on 12/2/1938 where hitler intimated him into making Seyss-Inquart (pro-nazi) minister of interior (controlled police) and lifting restrictions on nazi party and releasing nazi prisoners
110
why did schuschnigg agree to postone his plebiscite?
- hitler promised him control of new gov
- thought ussr would support him
- knew britain ad france would not help if he stood up to hitler
111
why was there no foreign intervention when hitler annexed austria (aschluss) ?
- chamberlain felt austrians and germans had a right to unite
- didn't want to defend a 'flawed' treaty (ToV)
112
what were the consequences of anschulss?
- acccess to east (importat for lebensraum)
- extra 100,000 austrian soldiers added to german army
- austrian resources (eg steel/iron) aided rearmament
- emboldened hitler
- now bordered czechoslovakia from 3 side (easier to invade in '39)
113
what was appeasesment?
foreign policy of allowing minor gains to prevent major conflict through negotation
114
what were britain's reasons for appeasement? (4)
1. did not wat to repeat ww2
2. own economic problems were a higher priority
3. hitler standing up against communism
4. not certain usa and british empire would support in war
115
what were 4 problems which appeasement caused?
1. encouraged hitler to be agressive
2. trusted hitler too much
3. emboldened hitler
4. scared the ussr
116
4 key events of hitler taking over the sudentland (timeline)
12-13 sept 1938 - hitler ecourages sudeten nazis to rebel and demands union
15 sept 1938 - chamberlain promises to give hitler all areas where more than 50% are german (without consulting czechoslovakia)
22-23 sept 1938 - hitler demands ALL the sudentland
29 sept - munich agreement - france and britain agree to give hitler the sudentland ('high point of appeasement') and hitler promises not to invade czecholslovakia
117
when/what caused the 'end of appeasement' and why?
15/3/1938 - hitler invaded czechoslovakia and was met with no resistance
- however, britain and france knew germanyt had no right over this land at all so told hitler that if he invaded poland, they would declare war (he believed it to be an empty threat due to all the previous appeasement)
118
what was the nazi-soviet pact?
- non-agression pact between ussr and germany siged in august 1939 which agreed to split poland
- aka molotov-ribbentrop pact
119
why did the ussr sign the nazi-soviet pact?
- wanted protection from germany from league/britain/ frace3 but saw how powerless they were
- wanted some of poland to rebuild russian empire/ expand ussr
- believd it would delay war and give time to prepare
120
why did germany sign the nazi-soviet pact?
allowed hitler to avoid war on both fronts at the same time (until 1941)
121
how did danzig help hitler's invasion of poland?
- polish port city which was a league mandate inhabited by germas
- 1939, hitler sent 1000 ss men which allowed him easy access into polad to invade in september
122
who was responsible for ww2 and why?
1. hitler - agressive foreign policy
2. chamberlain - appeasement
3. stalin - harsh communism made people keen a strong germay could act as a buffer, so people allowed germany to gain power
