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Histotechnology 4 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Name one disorder related to connective tissue, and how does it effect connective tissue in the body?

A
  • Marfan Syndrome
  • Lack of elastin production
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2
Q

How is connective tissue formed in the body?

A

It is derived from the mesoderm, formed through the differentiation of the mesenchymal cells and matrix.

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3
Q

What cells are present in connective tissue?

A
  • Mast
  • Fibroblast
  • Histocytes
  • Adipose cells
  • Reticular cells
  • Osteoblasts and cytes
  • Chondroblast and cytes
  • Blood cells
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4
Q

What is the composition of the extracellular matrix?

A
  • Fibers
  • Ground substance
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5
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs.

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6
Q

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

A
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
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7
Q

What is the purpose of elastic fibers?

A

Allows stretching of the tissue

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8
Q

Where is elastic fibers found?

A

Most Fibrous CT

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9
Q

What is the purpose of reticular fibers?

A

Support the framework for cellular organs

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10
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Provide strength

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11
Q

Which “organs” make up type 1 collagen?

A
  • Tendon
  • Bone
  • Adult skin
  • aorta
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12
Q

Which “organs” make up type 2 collagen?

A
  • Cartilage
  • intervertebral discs
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13
Q

Which “organs” make up type 3 collagen?

A
  • Newborn skin
  • Aorta
  • lung
  • liver
  • spleen
  • kidney
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14
Q

Which “organs” make up type 4 collagen?

A

Basement membrane

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15
Q

What is the composition of ground substances?

A

Mucopolysaccharides
( Large acidic polysaccharides bound to protein)

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16
Q

What type of staining method is required for ground substances?

A

Carbohydrate staining

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17
Q

What is the function of basement membrane?

A

Support the epithelium

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18
Q

What forms the basement membrane?

A
  • Epithelial cells
  • type 4 collagen
  • glycoproteins
  • proteoglycan
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19
Q

What type of staining method “technology” is required for basement membrane?

A
  • Carbohydrate staining
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20
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize collagen?

A

Masson Trichrome

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21
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize Elastic fibers?

A

Verhoeff Van Gieson

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22
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize Reticulin?

A
  • Gordon and sweets
  • silver impregnation
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23
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize basement membrane?

A

PAS

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24
Q

Which staining method can be used to visualize Mast cells?

A

Toludine Blue

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25
Q

What is the medical term used when there is build up of collagen and fibrotic tissue within an organ.

A

Cirrhosis

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26
Q

When there is a build up of collagen and fibrotic tissue what can be noted about the arrangement of the collagen?

A

Irregular meshwork

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27
Q

What is the purpose of Masson Trichrome staining?

A

Demonstrate collagen and fibrotic changes.

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28
Q

What are the ideal fixatives to use for Masson trichrome staining technique?

A

Bouin’s and Zenkers

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29
Q

What must be done to a tissue fixed in NBF prior to staining it with the Masson Thrichrome technique?

A

Post Mordant the tissue in Bouin’s or Zenker’s.

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30
Q

What is the purpose of post mordant?

A

Increase tissue acidophilia

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31
Q

Which primary stain is used in Masson Trichrome?

A

Weigert’s Iron hematoxylin

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32
Q

What is the advantage of using iron hematoxylin over alum hematoxylin?

A

Stronger chemical union which increases its resistance to acids

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33
Q

PMA / PTA define the abbreviation.

A

Phosphomolybdic acid
Phosphotungstic acid

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34
Q

What are the expected results of staining with Masson Trichrome.

A

Nuclei - Blue/ Black
Muscle, cytoplasm, RBC - RED
Collagen - Green/Blue (dep on counter stain)

35
Q

What is the purpose of using PMA/PTA in Masson trichrome?

A

Differentiates/ removes dye from collagen leaves RBC red

36
Q

What is the best tissue of choice for collagen staining techniques?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Appendix
  • Uterus
  • Blood vessels
37
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get poor red staining. What happened?

A

Old stain

38
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get poor blue staining. What happened?

A

The slide was over differentiated in acetic acid

39
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get poor nuclear staining. What happened?

A

The slide was exposed to an acidic solution prior to staining.
Or the hematoxylin is exhausted

40
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get poor cytoplasmic staining. What happened?

A
  • Too many water washes
  • Too much dehydration time
41
Q

You stain a piece of small intestine using Masson Trichrome and get uneven staining. What happened?

A

The tissue was fixed in formalin.

42
Q

Which staining technique is used to stain elastic fibers?

A
  • Verhoeff Van Geison
  • Gomori Aldehyde Fuchsin
43
Q

How does Verhoeff’s work?

A

Hydrogen bonding

44
Q

What kind of fixatives can be used in conjunction to verhoeff’s?

A
  • AWFT
  • NBF
  • Zenker’s
45
Q

What are the three components of the Verhoeff’s staining and in which order do they have to be used?

A
  • 5% Alc hematoxylin
  • 10% ferric chloride
  • Verhoeff’s Iodine
46
Q

In Verhoeff’s staining what is the purpose of 10% ferric chloride?

A

Acts as a Mordant and an oxidizer

47
Q

In Verhoeff’s staining what is the purpose of Verhoeff’s Iodine?

A

It acts as a trapping Agent and an oxidizer.

48
Q

What solution is used to differentiation in the Verhoeff’s staining?

A

2% ferric chloride

49
Q

What is the purpose of using 5% hypo solution in the Verhoeff’s?

A

To remove any background staining and excess iodine

50
Q

You special stain AWFT with Verhoeff’s and Van Gieson. When you look at it under the microscope you notice the over differentiation. What happened?

A

The tissue wasn’t under differentiated prior to staining with Van Gieson and the picric acid in the stain differentiated the Verhoeff’s even more.

51
Q

What is to be expected to see when using Verhoeff’s Van Gieson staining? “What are the results”

A
  • Elastic fiber and Nuclei = blue/black
  • Collagen = red
  • Cytoplasm, Muscle and RBC = yellow
52
Q

What are the best tissue to use for Verhoeff Van Gieson special staining?

A
  • Aorta
  • Large Artery
  • Skin
53
Q

Which staining methods can be used to demonstrate Basement membrane?

A
  • PAS
  • Silver Impregnation
54
Q

What is the clinical purpose of basement membrane demonstration?

A
  • Thickness (thick/thin)
  • Crenations
55
Q

What are the three main solutions used in Gamori Aldehyde Fushin to make the paraldehyde?

A
  • Rosaniline
  • Pararosaniline
  • Magenta
56
Q

What are the counterstains used in Gamori’s?

A
  • Light green
  • Van Gieson
57
Q

What fixative is preferred for tissue’s requiring Gamori’s special staining?

A

NBF

58
Q

What tissue’s are best for Gamori’s aldehyde fuchsin?

A
  • Aorta embedded on edge
  • Muscular artery
  • Skin
59
Q

What Special stain is used to visualize Mast cells?

A

Toludine Blue

60
Q

What is the purpose of using toludine blue?

A

Demonstration of metachromatic tissue elements.

61
Q

How does metachromatic tissue elements stain? and Why?

A

They stain a different colour than the dye solution. Due to the pH, the dye concentration, temperature and presence of water.

62
Q

How does toludine blue stain tissues?

A
  • Chromotropes are stained purple/red
    -orthochromatic tissue = blue
63
Q

Can you use alcoholic rinses for mast cell demonstrations stained with toludine blue? and why?

A

Yes, because unlike other metachromatic tissue, mast cells granules are stable in alcoholic dehydration.

64
Q

What will toludine blue stain? “Results”

A
  • mast cells = red/purple
  • Nuclei = Blue
65
Q

Which fixative is best for toludine blue staining methods?

A

NBF

66
Q

Which tissue are best for the purpose of using toludine blue?

A
  • Gastrointestinal tract ‘
  • Skin
  • respiratory system
  • Something in the junction near the outer environment and the inner environment.
67
Q

Which special staining techniques can be used to visualize reticulin fibers?

A
  • Silver impregnation
  • Gordon and Sweet’s
68
Q

What is the purpose of demonstrating reticulin fibers in tissue?

A

differentiation diagnosis of certain tumors based on their location of the reticulum.

69
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A
  • Tumor where the reticulum surrounds a nest of tumors and support from the outer surface.
70
Q

What is a Sarcoma?

A

A mesh like pattern of reticulum around the tumor, supports each cell.

71
Q

What is a Lymphosarcoma?

A

Each individual cell is surrounded by reticular fibers

72
Q

How does the silver impregnation method work?

A

Argyrophilic reactions

73
Q

What is the purpose of an external chemical such as potassium permagnganate in Gordon and Sweet’s?

A

Used to reduce argyrophilic properties of reticular fibers to expose aldehyde groups.

74
Q

What is the purpose of using oxalic acid in Gordon and sweets?

A

Removes colour

75
Q

Explain the sensitization step in Gordon and Sweets? What solution is used in this step?

A

Iron is bound to the exposed aldehyde groups.
- Iron alum is used

76
Q

How is pigment formed following sensitization in Gordon and Sweets?

A

tissue is treated with 10% Formalin to reduce silver to black metallic deposits

77
Q

What is the counter stain in Gordon and Sweets?

A

Nuclear Fast red

78
Q

What must you keep in mind when using Nuclear Fast red?

A

Must be washed properly to avoid cloudy red back ground.

79
Q

What are the expected results when staining with Gordon and Sweets?

A
  • Reticulin fiber: Black
  • Background : red
80
Q

What is the preferred fixative for Gordon and Sweets?

A

NBF

81
Q

Which tissue are best for the demonstration of Gordon and Sweets or Silver impregnation?

A

Liver
Spleen

82
Q

How do you discard silver solutions?

A

Neutralize it with HCl or NaCl

83
Q

Explain the rule of activity series of metals as it pertains to iron (Fe) and silver (Ag)

A

Iron is more reactive than silver. Iron will leave the reticulin fiber to replace the silver ions (in solution) thus depositing silver on the reticulin fibers.

Histotechnology 4 (2 decks)

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