CONTIUNE REGULATION OF ABP

Question 1

why some people may go faintaing while shaving ?

Answer 1

That is because carotid sinus syndrome!
the carotid sinus is hyper senstive to any pressure
and this leads to inhibitoin of VMC stimulation OF sympathatic vasodilator system lower BP – FAINTING BECAUSE OF BRAIN ISCHEMIA !

Question 2

Describe the Cadiopulmonary high pressure type A baroreceptor

Answer 2

it is stimulated as resonse to 
-atrial systole 
-ventricular systole 
-pulmonary hypertension 
and affects cic and vmc  like baroreceptors
-Reflex VD 
-bradycardia 
-decreased contractility

Question 3

What is Bainbridge reflex ?

Answer 3

it is a reflex out of low pressure atrial type B baroreceptor causing reflex tachycardia
may be due to direct stimulation of SAN

Question 4

LOW PRESSURE TYPE B ATRIAL AND PULMONARY BARORECEPTOR , what is their stimulus?

Answer 4

Increased blood volume venous returem

Question 5

GR/ low pressure barorecptors type b act an intermediate term regulation of abp

Answer 5

that is because their reflex VD in response to the increase in blood volume and venous return and thus causing increasing the capillary filtration pressure

Question 6

GR/low pressure receptors has a mixed type regulation ?

Answer 6

Long term regulation because of the VD of the afferent arterioles glomerular
intermediate term regulation because of VD of arterioles causing increased capillary filtartion rate

Question 7

The attempts of low pressure type B baroreceptors in lowering blood volume ?

Answer 7

Bainbridge reflex casusing tachycardia by direct stimuation of SAN
Intemediate regulation by VD of vessels increasing blood capillary filtration to tissue
long term regulation causing VD of afferent glomerulat aretrioles
decrasing ADH كده يزود ادرار البول
Increaseing ANP يخرج الصوديوم لوحده؟. لا أبدا !

Question 8

اشرح مختصرا عن المستقبلات الكيميائية الطرفية

Peripheral cheomreceptor

Answer 8

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies
the are stimulated by hypoxia hypercapnea and acidosis
when the MAP fall down below 80mm Hg it is stimulated in respone to hypoxia becasue of decrease of the physically dissolved o2 not chmically bounded
this leads to stimulation of of of ! Vasomotor center !
increasing VR HR TPR and adrenal gland sympathathic outflow causing incresing of the MAP

Question 9

Peripheral chemoreceptores afferent and centres ?

Answer 9

afferent - buffer nerves

centres medulary cardiovascular centers

Question 10

Illustrate Bezold-jarisch reflex .

Answer 10

it is reflex depending on the chemoreceptor found in the coronary vessels and stimulated by the pharamacological injection of some drugs like : veratidine and serotoinine and also
Mycardial ischemic heart the dead tissue secretes substances causing its stimulations
and thus causing —- severe hypotension and bradycardia

Question 11

MAP decrasing to 50 or below refers to ?

Answer 11

brain enters a severe state of ischemia

Question 12

CNS ischemic reflex describe ?

Answer 12

when map decrases to 50 or below this causes decrasring of blood flow tho the brain and especially the vmc
this cause hypoxia hypercapneia and acidosis and these factors are strong in stimulation VMC causing VC of blood vessels for 5-7 minutes incresaing ABP

Question 13

Cushing reflex mean ?

Answer 13

this is a reflex to the increase in the Intra cranial pressure causing pressure on the vessels and decrasing blood flow to brain and vasomotor center casuing hypoxia hypercapnia and acidosis this leads to stimulation of the VMC and vc of blood vessels and increase ABP and bradycardia due to baroreceptor stimulation or cic stim

Question 14

brain has no Vasoconstriction

Answer 14

no autononic supply to its vessel they are almost entirely controlled by local mechanisms

Question 15

Short term regulation hormonal effect ?

Answer 15

Neurohormonal reg

أدبر الليل
AdPR

Adrenalmedullary hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
Posteior putiutary – ADH Vasopressin
Renin Angiotensin system within 20 minutes

Question 16

GR/ the COP decreases in norepinephrine release inspite of its cardiac acceleration activity ?

Answer 16

That is because the bradycardia resultus from stimulation of the baroreceptors because of the increase in the ABP because of its effect of vasoconstrivtion by the a receptors !
the brady cardia resulted has the upper hand over the cardiac acceleration by b1 receptors ! so COP DECRASES

Question 17

GR/ SP and DP increases in case of norepinhorine release ?

Answer 17

this is because it action on the a1 receptor causing vc effect

Question 18

Epinehrine role ?

Answer 18

AFFECT
a1 vasoconstrrction
b2222 Vasodilation 222overcoming the effect of the a1 vd of skeletal msucles and liver vessels decrasing the tpr and dp and increasing the pp
b111 on the heart + chrono and ino and dromo tropic this cause increase SV HR COP AND arterial blood pressure exceeding the slow stimulation of baroreceptor that cannot lower blood pressure because b1 has the upper hand
in normal dose b mask a
in high dose a mask b

Question 19

the dose is detrminant of action of epinephrine ?

Answer 19

in normal dose b mask a

in high dose a mask b

Question 20

despite the action of epinephrine on a1 receptor it causes decrese in DP ???

Answer 20

a1 vasoconstrrction
B22222222 Vasodilation overcoming the effect of the a1 vd of skeletal msucles and liver vessels decrasing the tpr and dp and increasing the pp

Question 21

ADH HORMONE STIMULUS ?

Answer 21

1- changes in the osmolarity direct proprtional

2 decreased atrial volume causing decrased action of low pressure type b atrial receptor

Question 22

mention actions of the ADH OR VASOPRESSIN

Answer 22

• Kidney Water retention at DCT and CT through V2 .

- bvs Vasoconstriction of blood pressure high dose V1 .

Question 23

Site of release and site of formation of ADH ?

Answer 23

1- PSOTEIROR PITUITARY

2- HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 24

Why renin is released in case of hyponatremia ?

Answer 24

that is because it turnis angiotensingogen from liver into ang 1 then converted into ang 2 that
1- induce release of ADH stimulating water perservastion
2- INCREASING Alodsterone responsible for salt and water retention pharma ?!

Question 25

Sympathahtic and b1 receptors can raise VC HOW ?

Answer 25

Becuase it works on b1 on juxta glmerular appartus which will release renin converting angen to ang1 then it will be converted to ang 2 the most potenet vasoconstrictior in the body

Question 26

Renin angiotensisn system decribe it and how many type of regulation it shares in ?

Answer 26

It depend on the angiotensiongen a2 glubulin released from the liver which will be activated by reinin release to ANG1
RENIN RELEASE DEPENDS ON :
1- LOW RENAL PERFUSION BECAUSE
A- RENAL ISCHEMIA B- DECREASE IN ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
2-HYPONATREMIA
SYMPATHATIC STIMUALTION WORKING ON THE B1 ON JGA

then ang1 will converted by the mean of ACE into ANG2
WHICH IS
- THE MOST POTENT VASOCONSTRICOR ON THE BODY
-INCREASING ALDOSTERONE TO SALT AND WATER RETENTION
-INCREASE ADH
-THIRST SENSASTION TO INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME THUS INCREASING BP

GREAT GREAT MY GREAT STAR !

Question 27

INTERMEDIATE TERM REGULATION MECHANISM ?

Answer 27

• STRESS AND ANTI STRESS MECH

- CAPILLARY FLUID SHIFT

Question 28

SHOW THE MECHANISM OF STRESS METHOD REGULATION ?

Answer 28

INCREASING THE ABP increaseing the vasucluar capacity by opening of the artriole veins and capillarires decresaing the bp
anti stress
لما يقل الضغط يقل فتح الاوعية الدموية وتقل السعة الوعائية بتاعتها وعلي كده يزيد ضغط الدم علي الجدران مسخرة ؟ مش مفهومة ولا ايه ؟

Question 29

Show Capilllary fluid shift

s

Answer 29

simply it is when there is increase in abp increasing the filtration at the capillary and decreasing the reabsorption at the venous side and this will decresing the plasma volume and decresing the abp
وبكل بساطة لو قل الضعط الدموي هيقل الفلترة عند الشعيرات الدموية و هيزيد اعادة الامتصاص عند الجانب الوريدي وده بكل بساطة هيزود حجم البلازما مؤديا الي زيادة الضغط الدموي ؟!

Question 30

GR/the long term regulation may depends on the kideny ?

Answer 30

لانه بزيادة ضغط الدم هيزداد الامداد الدموي للكلية وهيزداد الفلترة الكلوية وهيزداد اخراج الصوديوم وفي ظهره الماء مؤديا لنقص حجم البلازما ونقص الرجوع الوريدي ونقص المخرج القلبي ونقص الضغط الدموي
والعكس صحيح فلو كان الضغط قليل لقل الامداد الدموي للكلية و قل الفقلترة الكلوية وقلت اخراج الماء والصوديوم و يزداد حجم البلازما والرجوع الدموي واملخرج القلي و في الاخر زيادة الضغط الدموي يا عمر !

Question 31

long term regulation may depends on hormones ? true or false why ?

Answer 31

yes can depend on slow reacting hormones like ?

1- the ADH
يقلل التبول ويزود حجم الدم يطلع عند انخقاط ضغط الدم
2-ANP بيطلع من الاذين يزود خروج الماء والصويدوم يعمل توسيع للاوعية يعمل مضاد للرنين وهو كمان بيقلل الضغط
3-CORTISOL ALODSTERONE ACTION ! يزود الضعط تركيز الماء والملح
4-ALODSTERNE تركيز الماء والملح يزود الضغط
5-RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM !
في انخفاض ضغط الدم

Question 32

Classify the excitatory and inhibitory factor on the VMC

Answer 32

A-Excitatory alram emotion musclar excercis mild moderate pain
B-inhibitory grief emotion severe pain
lung over inflation

Question 33

muscular excercise has to ways to excite VMC

Answer 33

1- CEREBRAL CORTEX VIA HYPOTHALAMUS

2- AFFERENTS VIA RETICULAR FORMATION

Question 34

Is there any direct stimulation for the VMC?

Answer 34

YES OF COURESE ESPECIALLY BY hypercapnia and hypoxia and acidosis

this lead to vc and inc in arterial blood pressure like in cushing reflex increasing ICP

Question 35

which is stronger the diret or indirect stim of VMC

Answer 35

Direct stimulation is much more stronger than the indirect Stimulation

Question 36

Baroreceptors work only in increasr BP ?

Answer 36

DEFINTELY FALSE !

ALL TIME