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Biology B1 > Coordination And Control > Flashcards

Coordination And Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurones?

A

Basic cells of the nervous impulses around the body

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2
Q

What does a gland do?

A

Release hormones (secrete) and also make them

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3
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Pick up any changes (stimuli) and detect change

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4
Q

What is a sense organ?

A

Collection of special cells known as receptors which respond to changes in the surroundings
E.g. Eye, ear

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5
Q

What is an effector organ?

A

Muscles and glands which respond to impulses from the nervous system

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6
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messages secreted by special glands and carried around the body in the blood to activate target cells

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7
Q

What are impulses?

A

Fast travelling electrical signals which the nervous system carries

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8
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

Cells that carry information from the CNS to the rest of your body- your brain get huge amounts of information from sensory receptors and coordinates information

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9
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System

Made up of brain and spinal cord where information is processed

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10
Q

Name the receptors in the sense organs of the: ears, eyes, nose &tongue and skin…

A

Ears:
Sound receptor - sensitive to sound
Position receptor - sensitive to changes in position

Eyes:
Light receptor - sensitive to light

Nose & tongue:
Chemical receptor - sensitive to chemicals

Skin:
Touch, pressure, pain and temperature receptors- sensitive to those listed

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11
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Rapid automatic responses of the nervous system which do not involve conscious thought

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12
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A rapid automatic process for an essential body process, such as breathing, or in response to a dangerous event
It does not involve conscious thought therefore it saves time

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13
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two neurones

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14
Q

What is the order of a reflex action? Give the reflex arc sequence…

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
(CNS) synapse, relay neurone in spine, synapse
Motor neurone
Effector
Response
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15
Q

Explain the reflex action of heat from a candle…

A

Stimulus - heat from candle
Pain receptors in skin detect change from the heat
Electrical impulse is sent from receptors along sensory neurone
Chemical message is sent across synapse
Electrical impulse sent along relay neurone
Chemical message sent across synapse
Electrical impulse sent along motor neurone
Muscles in the arm contract and move hand away

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16
Q

What is the speed, duration and are of action of nerves?

A

Speed: very fast
Duration: act for a very short time
Area of action: act on a very precise area

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17
Q

What is the speed, duration and are of action of hormones?

A

Speed: slower
Duration: act for a long time
Area of action: act in a more general area

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18
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

In the oviducts (Fallopian tube)

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19
Q

What are the main stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Stage 1: days 1-4
Bleeding starts
Lining of the uterus breaks down

Stage 2: days 4 -14
Lining of the uterus builds up again into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg

Stage 3: day 14
An egg is released from the ovary

Stage 4: days 14 -28
The wall is then maintained but if no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus then the lining will break down again

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20
Q

What are the hormones which control the menstrual cycle? What order?

A

1 FSH
2 Oestrogen
3 LH

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21
Q

What is FSH, where is it secreted from and what does it do?

A

Follicule-stimulating hormone

  • secreted from the piturity gland
  • causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries
  • stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
22
Q

What is oestrogen, where is it secreted from and what does it do?

A
  • secreted from the ovaries
  • causes piturity gland to produce LH
  • inhibits the further release of FSH
23
Q

What is LH, where is it secreted from and what does it do?

A

Luteinising hormone

  • secreted from the piturity gland
  • stimulates the release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual cycle
24
Q

What two hormones are used to reduce fertility?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

25
Q

How does the oral contraceptive pill work?

A
  • Oestrogen can be used to prevent the release of an egg
  • If levels of oestrogen are high then it inhibits the production of FSH which means that after a while egg development and production stop
  • Progesterone reduces fertility by stimulating the production of a thick cervical mucas which prevents any sperm reaching the egg
26
Q

What are the advantages of the oral contraceptive pill?

A
  • major scientific breakthrough
  • helps people to ‘plan’ families so that they can look after them properly so there isn’t as much poverty - allows couples to decide
  • pill is over 90% effective
  • reduces the risks of some types of cancer (ovarian)
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of the oral contraceptive pill?

A
  • not 100% effective
  • causes side effects e.g. headaches, nausea, irregular menstrual bleeding , fluid retention and can cause some serious ones such as blood clots
  • ethical issues surrounding contraception
  • does not offer protection from STIs (sexually transmitted infections)
  • need to be strict with use
28
Q

What hormones can be used to increase fertility?

A

FSH

LH

29
Q

What is the potential cause of infertility?

A

Lack of FSH

30
Q

How does fertility treatment work?

A
  • Hormones FSH and LH can be injected into the women to stimulate egg release in their ovaries
  • FSH allows egg to mature and LH allows it to be released
31
Q

What are the advantages of fertility treatment?

A
  • allows couples to conceive
  • cheaper than IVF
  • better ethical opinion than IVF- a helping hand rather than being completely artificial
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of fertility treatment?

A
  • not always effective- can be expensive if repeated numerous times
  • can cause multiple pregnancies which can be tragic for parents as they may not be able to look after than many and they could be born premature which costs hospitals money
  • ethical issues: can be seen by some as interfering with natural conception
33
Q

How does IVF work? (in vitro fertilisation)

A

1) Fertility drugs (FSH and LH) are used to make lots of eggs mature at the same time for collection
2) The eggs are collected from the ovaries and placed in a special solution in a petri dish
3) A sample of semen is collected
4) The eggs and sperm are mixed in the petri dish
5) The eggs are checked to make sure they have been fertilised and that the early embryos are developing properly
6) When the fertilised eggs have formed tiny balls of cells, 1 or 2 of the embryos are placed in the uterus of the mother… if all goes well, at least one will grow and develop successfully

34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IVF treatment?

A

Advantages:
- Fertility treatment can give an infertile couple a child

Disadvantages:

  • Some women have a strong reaction to the hormones e.g. abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration
  • There are some reports of an increased risk of cancer due to the hormonal treatment
  • There is the risk of multiple births and other birth risks such as stillbirth and miscarriage
35
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots

36
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Controlling the growth of a plant in response to light

37
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Controlling the growth of a plant in response to gravity

also known as geotropism

38
Q

Other than phototropism and gravitropism, how else does auxin control the growth of a plant?

A

In response to moisture

39
Q

Where is auxin produced and what does it do?

A

Produced in the tips of a plant

Moves backwards to stimulate cell elongation (enlargement) process which occurs in the cells just behind the tips

40
Q

What happens (in terms of hormones) when the tip of a shoot is removed?

A

No auxin is available and the shoot may stop growing

41
Q

What happens if there is extra auxin in a plant?

A

Promotes growth in the shoot but inhibits growth in the root which produces a desired result

42
Q

How do shoots grow?

A

TOWARDS THE LIGHT

  • when a shoot tip is exposed to light, more auxin accumulates on the side that’s in the shade
  • the cells grow faster on the shade side causing the shoot to bend towards the light

AWAY FROM GRAVITY

  • when a shoot is growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip, with more auxin on the lower side
  • this causes the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot upwards
43
Q

How do roots grow?

A

TOWARDS GRAVITY

  • a root growing sideways will have ore auxin on its lower side
  • in a root, extra auxin inhibits growth which means the cells on top elongate faster, bending the root downwards

TOWARDS MOISTURE

  • an uneven amount of moisture on either side of the root produces more auxin on the side with more moisture
  • as auxin inhibits growth on that side, it causes the root to bend in that direction towards the moisture
44
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The control of a constant, internal environment

We can detect changes and bring about a response to bring conditions back to normal

45
Q

What is the respiration equation?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water + energy

46
Q

What happens when a condition in our body changes/

A

Your body works to bring it back to normal

System known as negative feedback because the body works in the opposite direction to change

47
Q

What are examples of bodily levels which must be controlled?

A

Ion content
Water content
Sugar content
Temperature

48
Q

How do we regulate body temperature if we get too hot/cold?

A

Our body temperature is about 37 degrees C which is the optimum temperature for enzymes
Anything above 40 degrees C causes our enzymes to denature

If we get too hot:

  • we sweat
  • our capillaries dilate so we lose heat
  • out body hair lies flat

If we get too hot:

  • we shiver, generating heat
  • our capillaries constrict, diverting blood to our core
  • our body hair stands up, trapping a layer of air
49
Q

How do we regulate ion content?

A
  • Essential ions (Na+ and K+) are taken into the body in food and then absorbed into the blood
  • If there is too much then they need to be removed
  • Some ions are lost in sweat
  • The kidneys will remove the excess from the blood, this is then got rid of in urine
50
Q

How do we regulate water content?

A

There is a need for a constant balance of water in the body
It enters the body through food and drink and is lost through the skin as sweat, via the lungs as breath and via the kidneys as urine

On a cold day or when you’re not exercising… you don’t sweat as much, so you’ll produce more urine which will be pale as waste is more diluted

On a hot day or when you’re exercising… you sweat a lot, producing less urine which will be more concentrated and you will lose more water through faster breaths

if too much water moves out of cells they can be damaged or destroyed

51
Q

How are blood sugar levels regulated/

A
  • Eating foods containing carbohydrate puts glucose into the blood from the gut
  • The normal metabolism of cells removes glucose from the blood but if you do lots of exercise then more is removed
  • A hormone called insulin helps to retain the right level of glucose in your blood so you get a constant energy supply
  • The pancreas releases different hormones that control the amount of sugar in our blood stream

Biology B1 (7 decks)

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