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Cardio > COPD > Flashcards

COPD Flashcards

1
Q

involves airflow limitation due to obstructed airways, which leads to difficulty in exhaling air

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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2
Q

involves reduced lung expansion or decreased lung compliance, leading to restricted lung volumes
and difficulty in fully expanding the lungs during inhalation.

A

Chronic Restrictive Pulmonary Disease (CRPD)

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3
Q

former name for COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD)

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4
Q

Leading cause of morbidity and mortality among smokers, 4th leading cause of death in the world

A

COPD

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5
Q

Main RF for COPD

A

Tobacco smoking

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6
Q

Other RF for COPD

A

Air pollution
Accelerated aging
Infection
Allergies

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7
Q

Pathophysiology of COPD

A

Airway inflammation

Increased mucus production

Fibrosis and alveolar wall destruction

Narrowing airway

Resulting in air trapping

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8
Q

Cells present in bronchioles

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium often ciliated

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9
Q

Cell lining in alveoli

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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10
Q

FEV1 is

A

the forced expiratory volume in 1 min

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11
Q

Clinical indicators for COPD

A

Progressive dyspnea
Recurrent wheezes
Chronic coughing

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12
Q

Mild COPD FEV1

A

> 80%

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13
Q

Moderate COPD FEV1

A

50% < 80%

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14
Q

Severe COPD FEV1

A

30% < 50%

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15
Q

Very Severe COPD FEV1

A

< 30%

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16
Q

Breathlessness only on strenuous exercise

A

mMRC Grade 0

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17
Q

Breathless when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill

A

mMRC Grade 1

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18
Q

Walks slower than other people of same age on the level due to shortness of breath or
need to stop for breath when walking at own pace

A

mMRC Grade 2

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19
Q

Short of breath after walking few minutes on the level or about 100 yards (90m)

A

mMRC Grade 3

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20
Q

Too breathless to leave the house, or breathless when dressing or undressing

A

mMRC Grade 4

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21
Q

COPD conditions

A

Bronchitis
Emphysema
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
Pneumonia
PTB

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22
Q

Area affected in bronchitis

A

Membrane lining the bronchial tubes

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23
Q

Area affected in Bronchiectasis

A

Bronchia tubes

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24
Q

Area affected in Pneumonia

A

Alveoli

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25
Q

Area affected in Emphysema

A

Air spaces beyond terminal bronchioles

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26
Q

Area affected in Asthma

A

Bronchioles

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27
Q

Area affected in Cystic Fibrosis

A

Bronchioles

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28
Q

Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree

A

Acute bronchitis

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29
Q

Characteristics of acute bronchitis

A

Self-limiting
Short-duration

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30
Q

Chemical irritations that may cause acute bronchitis

A

Influenza
Chicken pox
Measles
Whooping cough

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31
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Acute bronchitis

A

Mild fever (1-3 days)
Malaise
Back and muscle pain
Cough c sputum
Sore throat

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32
Q

Difference of Bacterial and Viral sore throat

A

Bacterial - presence of pus
Viral - irritation, redness, swelling

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33
Q

Criteria for chronic bronchitis

A

Coughing for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years

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34
Q

Cause of chronic bornchitis

A

Prolonged exposure to non-specific bronchial irritants

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35
Q

m/c cause of chronic bronchitis

A

Cigarette smoking

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36
Q

What happens to the bronchi in chronic bronchitis?

A

Hypertrophy of mucus-producing cells

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37
Q

Pathophysiology of Chronic bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchial lining

Hypertrophy of bronchial walls

Mucus hypersecretion

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38
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Chronic bronchitis

A

Persistent cough c sputum
Reduced chest expansion
Wheezing
Fever
Dyspnea
Cyanosis

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39
Q

Progressive and chronic pulmonary disease occurring after infections such as pneumonia, measles,
pertussis, TB or cystic fibrosis

A

Bronchiectasis

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40
Q

Bronchiectasis is characterized by

A

Abnormal and permanent dilatation of medium-sized bronchi

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41
Q

Primary prevention for bronchiectasis

A

Smoking cessation

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42
Q

Pathophysiology of bronchiectasis

A

Infection leads to inflammation

Destruction of bronchial walls caused by bronchial dilatation and impaired mucociliary drainage

Resulting in pulmonary HTN and R-side heart failure

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43
Q

S/Sx of Bronchiectasis

A

Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
Anemia
Malaise
Fatigue

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44
Q

Obstructed air passages due to alveolar wall destruction from a long
history of chronic bronchitis

A

Emphysema

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45
Q

Pathophysiology of Emphysema

A

Permanent overdistention of the air spaces and loss of normal elastic recoil tension in the lung tissue

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46
Q

Difference between Bronchiectasis and Emphysema

A

Bronchiectasis - affects bronchi
Emphysema - Affects the bronchioles

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47
Q

m/c type of emphysema affecting the upper lung regions

A

Centrilobular Emphysema

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48
Q

A type of emphysema where alveolar sacs remain intact

A

Centrilobular Emphysema

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49
Q

A type of emphysema that destroys more distal alveolar walls and commonly involves the lower lung fields

A

Panlobular

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50
Q

Cause of Panlobular Emphysema

A

May occur secondary to infection of exposure to the irritants

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51
Q

Characteristics of an emphysematous patient

A

Thin and tachypneic
Increased respiratory effort
Leaning forward with knees for support
Barrel-chested

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52
Q

S/Sx of Emphysema

A

Dyspnea
Chronic cough
Barrel chest
Wt. loss
Malaise

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53
Q

Blue bloaters S/Sx (Chronic Bronchitis)

A

Chronic productive cough
Purulent sputum
Hemoptysis
Cyanosis
Cor Pulmonale
Obese

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54
Q

Pink Puffer S/Sx (Emphysema)

A

Dyspnea
Minimal cough
Increased minute ventilation
Cachexia
Tachypnea
Barrel chest

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55
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder that affects the excretory glands of the body

A

Cystic Fibrosis

56
Q

Gene found in Cystic Fibrosis

A

CFTR in Gene 7 (long arm)

57
Q

Test for Cystic Fibrosis

A

Chloride sweat test

58
Q

(+) sign of Chloride Sweat Test

A

Chloride ion concentration of > 60 mEq/L

59
Q

Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Defective CFTR results in defective transport of sodium, potassium, and water

Partial or complete obstruction of the lumen

V/P mismatch

Fibrotic changes in lung parenchyma

60
Q

Life span of people with Cystic Fibrosis

A

Rarely survive beyond 30 yrs old

61
Q

Early S/Sx of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Recurrent pneumonia
Excessive appetite but poor wt. gain
Salty skin
Bulky, foul-smelling stool

62
Q

Pulmonary S/Sx of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Tachypnea
Barrel-chest
Cyanosis and digital clubbing
Sustained chronic cough with mucus

63
Q

Complications of Asthma

A

Pneumothorax
Hemoptysis
R-side HF 2 to Pulmonary HTN

64
Q

Asthma is a heteroenous disease characterized by

A

Airway hyperresponsiveness
Chronic airway inflammation
Expiratory airflow limitation

65
Q

Most easily recognizable phenotype of asthma. It is associated with a personal or familial Hx of atopy

A

Allergic Asthma

66
Q

A phenotype of asthma that responds well to inhaled corticosteroids

A

Allergic asthma

67
Q

A phenotype of asthma that shows neutrophilic or paucinogranulocytic airway inflammation.

A

Non-allergic asthma

68
Q

A type of asthma that is less responsive to inhaled corticosteroids

A

Non-allergic asthma

69
Q

A type of asthma common in women presenting with symptoms in adulthood

A

Adult-onset/late-onset asthma

70
Q

A type of asthma that requires higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids

A

Adult-onset/late-onset asthma

71
Q

Seen inpatients with long-standing asthma who develop fixed airflow limitation due to
airway wall remodeling

A

Asthma with persistent airflow limitation

72
Q

Seen in obese patients with asthma who present with little eosinophilic inflammation
but with prominent respiratory symptoms

A

Asthma with obesity

73
Q

Genetic predisposition characterized by heightened reactivity to allergens

A

Atopy

74
Q

Common manifestations of Atopy

A

Allergic Rhinitis
Atopic dermatitis
Asthma

75
Q

Pathophysiology of asthma

A

Inflammation of the airway due to airway hyperresponsiveness upon exposure to allergens/triggers/stimuli

Bronchoconstriction

Hypertrophy
and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle

76
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Asthma

A

Wheezing
Cough
Dyspnea

77
Q

Severe life-threatening complication of asthma

A

Status Asthmaticus

78
Q

Triggers of Asthma

A

Dust
Stress
Stroke
Insects
Anger
Air pollution
Pets
Colds
Pollen
Tobacco

79
Q

Things to look for in a patient with asthma

A

Skin retraction
Hunched-over posture
Pursed-lip breathing
Nostrils flaring
Unusual pallor or unexplained sweatin

80
Q

Criteria for Asthma

A

Night-time awakening
Need for rescue meds
Daytime Sx
Limitation of ADLs

81
Q

Asthma is characterized by

A

Airway hyperresponsiveness
Chronic airway inflammation
Expiratory airflow limitation
Reversible c bronchodilators

82
Q

S/Sx present in status asthmaticus

A

Acute Cor Pulmonale
Respiratory Acidosis

83
Q

What happens to the blood pressure during Status Asthmaticus

A

10 mmHg drop in blood pressure during inhalation

84
Q

Classifications of control for asthma

A

Well-controlled
Partially-controlled
Poorly-controlled

85
Q

Difference of COPD and Asthma in terms of onset

A

COPD: Mid-life (40 and above)
Asthma: Early childhood

86
Q

Difference of COPD and Asthma in terms of symptoms

A

COPD: Progressive and persistent
Asthma: Varying day-to-day

87
Q

Difference of Asthma and COPD in terms of cause

A

COPD: Smoking Hx
Asthma: Atopy Family Hx

88
Q

Causes of Pneumonia include

A

Aspiration of food, fluids, or vomitus

Inhalation of toxic or caustic chemicals, smoke, dust, or grasses

Bacterial, viral, or mycoplasmal infection

89
Q

Primary treatment for Pneumonia caused by bacterial infection

A

Antibiotics

90
Q

Common population affected by Aspiration Pneumonia

A

Children
Stroke pts
Senior citizens
Pts c poor diaphragm function (no phrenic n.)

91
Q

A vomitus gastric acid can lead to lung inflammation in this disease

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

92
Q

Types of Pneumonia

A

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
Ventilator-Acquired Pneumonia (VAP)

93
Q

Most common form of Pneumonia

A

CAP

94
Q

Mode of transmission of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

A

Droplets

95
Q

Is Pneumonia self-limiting?

A

NO

96
Q

Another name for HAP

A

Nosocomial Pneumonia

97
Q

Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission

A

HAP

98
Q

HAP develops in a mechanically ventilated patient after endotracheal intubation

A

VAP

99
Q

A protozoan organism that rarely causes pneumonia in healthy individuals

A

Pneumocystis-carinii

100
Q

most common life-threatening opportunistic
infection in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Pneumocystis-carinii Pneumonia

101
Q

Pneumonia that involves the lobes of the lungs

A

Lobar Pneumonia

102
Q

Pneumonia that involves the distal terminal bronchioles and alveoli

A

Bronchopneumonia

103
Q

Why are elderly and bed-ridden pts at risk for Pneumonia?

A

Physical inactivity and immobility leads to pooling of secretions

104
Q

Phases of Pneumonia

A

Edema
Red Hepatization
Gray Hepatization
Resolution

105
Q

Pneumonia phase wherein initial phase with the presence of a proteinaceous exudate, and often with bacteria in the alveoli

A

Edema phase

106
Q

Pneumonia phase wherein the presence of erythrocytes in the cellular intra-alveolar exudate

Neutrophil influx is more important.

A

Red Hepatization phase

107
Q

Pneumonia phase wherein no new erythrocytes are extravasating; those already present have been degraded.

Neutrophil is the predominant cell.

A

Gray Hepatization phase

108
Q

Pneumonia phase wherein macrophage reappears as the dominant cell type in the alveolar space

Inflammatory response and cellular debris have been cleared

A

Resolution phase

109
Q

RF for Pneumonia

A

Age
Smoking
Air Pollution
URI
Alcoholism

110
Q

S/Sx of Pneumonia

A

Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Dyspnea
Non-productive cough
Hypoxemia

111
Q

(+) sign for Lower respiratory tract infection

A

Crackles

112
Q

A bacterial infectious disease transmitted by the gram-positive, acid-fast bacilli that causes PTB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

113
Q

A disease that is highly infectious and contagious, especially in 3rd world countries

A

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

113
Q

PTB is the most common cause of ____ in the Philippines

A

Hemoptysis

114
Q

PTB mode of transmission

A

Person-to-person through droplet

115
Q

Examples of droplet transmission

A

Sneezing, coughing, speaking

116
Q

RF of PTB

A

Drug-resistance strains of TB develop if the duration of the treatment is not followed

117
Q

Duration of Tx for PTB

A

6 mos

118
Q

Medication for PTB

A

HRZE medication

119
Q

most infectious pts with TB

A

Cavitary Pulmonary TB
Laryngeal TB

120
Q

Role of Macrophages during PTB

A

Engulf the bacteria

121
Q

The route of the spread of infection in PTB

A

Entry in the lungs

Lymphatics in the mediastinum

Entire parts of the body

122
Q

Clinical S/Sx of PTB

A

Fatigue
Malaise
Anorexia
Frequent productive cough
Wt. loss
Dyspnea

123
Q

A classification of TB that occurs shortly after exposure. It can be symptomatic or mild c non-specific symptoms

A

Primary TB

124
Q

It occurs when the immune system contains the infection, but the bacteria remain
dormant in the body. It is typically asymptomatic

A

Latent TB

125
Q

TB of the Spine

A

Pott’s disease

126
Q

Extrapulmonary TB

A

Pott’s dse
TB meningitis
Gastrointestinal TB
Milliary TB
TB of the bone

127
Q

Most common structures affected in bone TB

A

Long bones

128
Q

A distinct feature of Milliary TB

A

Small-white millet seed-like granulomas
Bilateral affectation

129
Q

Diagnosis of PTB

A

Chest XRay
Sputum Analysis
Gene Xpert
Skin testing

130
Q

Medication Tx for PTB

A

Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomyocin

131
Q

How long is PTB infectious?

A

2 weeks

132
Q

A drug that has eye problems as its side effect

A

Ethambutol

133
Q

Used to prevent severe forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, such as TB meningitis and military TB.

A

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG Vaccine)

134
Q

(+) sign for Mantoux test (Tuberculin Skin Testing)

A

Induration of 10 mm or more

Cardio (15 decks)

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