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PDH > Core 2 - The body in motion > Flashcards

Core 2 - The body in motion Flashcards

1
Q

Blue heading - Skeletal system

A
  • major bones involved in movement
  • structure and function of synovial joints
  • joint actions, eg extension and flexion
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2
Q

Blue heading - Muscular system

A
  • major muscles involved in a movement
  • muscle relationship (agonist, antagonist)
  • types of muscle contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric)
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3
Q

Blue heading - Respiratory system

A
  • structure and function
  • lung function (inspiration, expiration)
  • exchange of gases (internal, external)
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4
Q

Blue heading - Circulatory system

A
  • components of blood
  • structure and function of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
  • pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • blood pressure.
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5
Q

Blue Heading -health-related components of physical fitness

A
  • cardiorespiratory endurance
  • muscular strength
  • muscular endurance
  • flexibility
  • body composition
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6
Q

Blue Heading - skill-related components of physical fitness

A
  • power
  • speed
  • agility
  • coordination
  • balance
  • reaction time
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7
Q

Blue Heading - Aerobic and anaerobic training

A

FITT Principle

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8
Q

Blue Heading - immediate physiological responses to training

A 
heart rate
ventilation rate
stroke volume
cardiac output
lactate levels
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9
Q

Blue Heading - Motion

A
  • the application of linear motion, velocity, speed, acceleration, momentum in movement and performance contexts
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10
Q

Blue Heading - Balance and stability

A
  • balance and stability
  • centre of gravity
  • line of gravity
  • base of support
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11
Q

Blue Heading - Fluid mechanics

A
  • flotation, centre of buoyancy

- fluid resistance

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12
Q

Blue Heading - Force

A
  • how the body applies force
  • how the body absorbs force
  • applying force to an object
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13
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton and bone tissue?

A

Protection, movement, support, cell production and storage of minerals.

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14
Q

What is the role of protection bones?

A

They protect internal organs; for example, the ribs protect the heart and lungs.

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15
Q

What is the role of movement and support in bones?

A

Movement is when the muscle contract so they pull on bones to produce movement.

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16
Q

Where are most cells produced?

A

most cell production occurs in the red bone marrow.

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17
Q

What stores energy?

A

Yellow bone marrow is a stored source of lipids in the bones.

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18
Q

Label the skeleton.

A
  1. cranium
  2. eye socket
  3. teeth
  4. jaw
  5. clavical
  6. scapula
  7. sternum
  8. humerus
  9. ribs
  10. spine
  11. raduis
  12. pelvis
  13. ulna
  14. carpals
  15. meta carpals
  16. phalanges
  17. femur
  18. patella
  19. tibula
  20. fibula
  21. tarsals
  22. metatarsals
  23. phalanges
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19
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The bones that allow for movement to occur as the muscles pull on the long bones to create movement. Eg. arms legs pelvis and shoulders.

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20
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The central core of the human body and houses and protects vital organs. They create a surface of attachment for muscles. Eg. head, thorax and vertibral column.

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21
Q

hat are the five types of bones?

A

long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid.

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22
Q

What are longs bones?

A

length is greater than their width. eg femur, humerus.

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23
Q

What are short bones?

A

short and wide. Eg tarsals.

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24
Q

What are flat bones?

A

flattened shapes, may be curved. Eg cranium, scapula.

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25
Q

what are Irregular bones?

A

Dont fit into other categories. Eg vertibrae.

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26
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Classified by location, not shape. Small bones embedded in tendons where pressure develops. Eg patella.

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27
Q

What are synovial joints? What are their function?

A

Joints in which the ends of bones are encased in smooth cartilage. Their function is to create movement.

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28
Q

What does the knee synovial joint consist of?

A

Meniscus, ligaments, tendons, cartilage and synovial fluid.

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29
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  • ball and socket (shoulder)
  • hinge (knee)
  • saddle (elbow)
  • pivot (radius and ulna)
  • gliding (joints between vertibrae)
  • condyloid (Carpals in the hand)
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30
Q

joint action - flexion

A

A movement that decreases the angle between the bones at the joints. Eg. bending of the arm or leg.

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31
Q

joint action - extension

A

A movement that increases the angle between bones at the joint. Eg. straitening of the leg or arm.

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32
Q

joint action - ADDuction.

A

the movement of a body part towards the midline of the body. Eg. lowering the arm.

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33
Q

Joint action - ABduction.

A

the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. Eg. swinging leg to the side.

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34
Q

Joint action - circumduction.

A

the circular movement of a body part. Eg. bowling a cricket ball

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35
Q

Joint action - roatation

A

moving a body part such as the trunk or head along its long axis. Eg. hitting a tennis ball.

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36
Q

Joint action - supination

A

the rotation of the hand and forearm that causes the hand to face the palm upwards. Eg. volleyball dig.

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37
Q

joint action- pronation

A

the rotation of the hand and forearm that causes the palm to face downwards. Eg. bouncing a ball.

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38
Q

Joint action- inversion.

A

rotation of the foot to make the sole face inwards. Eg. skiing.

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39
Q

Joutn action - eversion

A

rotation of the foot to make the sole face outwards. Eg. ice skating

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40
Q

joint action - dorsi flexion.

A

movement that pulls the top of the foot towards the tibia. Eg. squatting

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41
Q

joint action- plantar flexion

A

movement that moves the foot away from the tibia. Eg. pointing the toes , running

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42
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Smooth, cardiac and skeletal

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43
Q

what are smooth muscles?

A

Involutary muscles that are found in between the inner and outer lining of organs. Eg. Stomach, bladder.

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44
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Muscles of the heart.

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45
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A

voluntary muscles, attached to our bones and cross our joints, contract and relax to create movement. Eg. Bicep, hamstrings.

46
Q

muscular system

A
47
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

Lengthens to allow muscle movement to occur, muscle depend on the action.

48
Q

What is the agonist?

A

Contracts to perform movement - is the prime mover.

- muscle depends on the action.

49
Q

Examples of the agonist and antagonist.

A

bicep curl - Biceps =agonist

Triceps =antagonist

50
Q

What is a concentric muscle contraction?

A

When the concentric muscle shortens to lift the weight.

51
Q

What is an eccentric muscle contraction?

A

When the length of the muscle lengthens.

52
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

A

a form of static contraction where the length is unchanged despite application of tension.

53
Q

What is respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + energy + Water

54
Q

describe the process of respiration.

A
  1. Enters through the nose and mouth where it is filtered of foreign objects.
  2. travels down the pharynx to the larynx where it then goes down the trachea.
  3. it then travels to the bronchioles via the bronchi which have alveoli on the ends.
  4. alveoli is where gas exchange occurs.
  5. carbon dioxide is then exhaled out of the body and oxygen inhaled repeating this process over and over.
55
Q

Repiratory system

A
56
Q

What is inspiration?

A

The air movement from the atmosphere into the lungs, breathing in.

57
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm muscle contracts and flattens as the external intercostal muscles lift the rib out and up. Increases volume of chest cavity and decreases pressure.

58
Q

What is expiration?

A

The air movement from the lungs to the atmosphere, breathing out.

59
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards as the intercostal muscles allow for the lungs to return to their resting position. Volume of the chest cavity decreases and increase in air pressure.

60
Q

What happens during the exchange of gases?

A

The exchange of gases during respiration allows the transfer exchange of CO2 and O2 to take place across the thin membrane that is shared between the alveolus and the capillaries.

61
Q

What percentage of each gas is inhaled each breath?

A

Oxygen - 20.93%
Carbon dioxide - 0.03%
Nitrogen - 79.04%

62
Q

What percentage of each gas is exhaled in each breath?

A

Oxygen - 16.4%
Carbon Dioxide - 4.5%
Nitrogen - 79.5%

63
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Plasma
white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets

64
Q

What percentage of each component is in human blood?

A

45% - Solid component

55% - liquid component

65
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Liquid portion of the blood that transports nutrients and waste around the body.

66
Q

What i the role of platelets?

A

Smallest of the blood cells, major role is clotting blood.

67
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

Protect the body from disease and infection.

68
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen around the body in the form of haemoglobin.

69
Q

What is the structure and function of the heart?

A

Muscular pump that contracts and relaxes rythmically to circulate blood around the body. It consists of two chambers on the left and right sides (Atria and ventricles) .

70
Q

What is the structure and function of arteries?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Thick elasticated walls to withstand high pressures.

71
Q

What is the structure and function of veins?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Thinner walls as there is lower pressure and valves to keep the flow going one way.

72
Q

What is the function and structure of capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessel and in charge in exchange of gases, nutrients and waste. Thin walls one cell thick to allow for diffusion to occur.

73
Q

label the heart.

A
  1. aorta
  2. pulmonary arterie
  3. pulmonary veins
  4. left atrium
  5. left atrioventricular valve
  6. left ventricle
  7. septum
  8. right ventricle
  9. superior venacava
  10. arterial valves
  11. right atrium
  12. right atrioventricular valve
74
Q

What are the atria?

A

the upper, thin walled chambers that receive blood coming back to the heart.

75
Q

What are the venticles?

A

The lower thick walled chambers that pump blood from the heart to the body.

76
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

77
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

the flow of blood from the heart to body tissue and back to the heart.

78
Q

What is diastole?

A

The minimum/lowest pressure recorded when the heart is relaxing and filling.

79
Q

What is systole?

A

the highest pressure recorded when the blood is forced into the arteries during contraction of the left ventricle.

80
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

any increase in cardiac output result in and increase in blood pressure.

81
Q

what is resistance?

A

if viscosity (stickiness) of the blood increases, resistance increases.

82
Q

What is the normal blood pressure?

A

120mmHg/80mmHg

83
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

84
Q

What are the health related components of fitness?

A
  • cardiovascular endurance
  • muscular endurance
  • muscular strength
  • flexibility
  • body composition
85
Q

what is cardiovascular endurance? What tests can be used to test this?

A

the ability if the working muscles to take up and use oxygen that has been inhaled during exercise and transferred to muscle cells. Eg. Long distance running/ swimming
Multistage fitness test.

86
Q

what is muscular endurance?

A

The ability of the muscles to endure physical work for extended periods of time without fatigue. Sit/push up test.

87
Q

What is muscular strength?

A

the ability to exert force against a resistance in one singular maximal effort.
hand grip dynamometer.

88
Q

What is flexibility?

A

The range of motion about a joint or the ease of joint movement.
sit and reach test.

89
Q

What is body composition?

A

Refers to the percentage of fat as apposed to the lean body mass in a human being.
BMI test.

90
Q

What is hypokinetic disease?

A

A term given to modern lifestyle diseases associated within activity.

91
Q

What are the skill related components of fitness?

A

-power
-agility
-speed
-coordination
balance
reaction time

92
Q

What is power?

A

The ability to combine strength and speed in an explosive reaction.
Standing long jump.

93
Q

What is speed?

A

The rate at which something moves.

60m sprint test.

94
Q

What is agility?

A

A rapid whole body movement which change at velocity or direction in response to a stimulus. Agility test.

95
Q

What is coordination?

A

The bodies ability to perform smooth and efficient movements.
Flipsticks.

96
Q

What is balance?

A

An athletes ability to stay in control of their bodies position both static and dynamic.
Stalkstand.

97
Q

What is reaction time?

A

The speed at which an athlete responds to an external stimulus. Ruler test.

98
Q

What is aerobic exercise?

A

Exercise which uses oxygen and an individual can maintain for long periods of time.
60-85% OF MHR
Eg. walking and swimming.

99
Q

What is anaerobic exercise?

A

Exercise that doesnt require oxygen but cannot be maintained for long periods of time.
85% of MHR
Eg. sprinting, long jump

100
Q

What are the immediate physiological responses to training?

A
  • Heart rate
  • stroke volume
  • ventilation rate
  • cardiac output
  • lactate levels
101
Q

Heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute. Resting heart rate is when the individual is completely at rest. Average = 72 BPM.
Low resting heart rate = efficient cardiovascular system.

102
Q

ventilation rate?

A

Refers to the depth and rate of breathing, expressed in breaths/minute.
during rest = 12 breaths per minute, 500 mL air.
increases before and during exercise, after it remains high for a short period of time then goes back to normal.

103
Q

stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart during a contraction.
When exercising it increases significantly especially for a fit person.

104
Q

Cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood being pumped by the heart per minute.
product of the heart rate + stroke volume.
HR x SV = CO

105
Q

lactate levels?

A

High levels of lactate are produced when we exercise and it accumulates when we exercise above lactate inflection point.
Hydrogen is responsible for the acidity of the blood, subsequently making it harder for muscles to function.

106
Q

What are the components of the FITT principle?

A
  • Frequency (how often)
  • Intensity (how hard)
  • Time (how long)
  • Type (what kind of exercise)
107
Q

What is linear motion?

A

When a body and all parts attached to it travel at the same distance and direction at the same speed. Eg 100m sprint.

108
Q

What is velocity?

A

Same meaning as speed however displacement is used instead of distance.
Eg. as the crow flies.

109
Q

What is momentum?

A

The tendency of and object, once moving, to keep going.

Eg discus.

110
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The rate at which speed is increasing or decreasing.
Determined by dividing change in speed by time.
Eg. cross country runner accelerating at the end of a race.

111
Q

What is speed?

A

How fast something is travelling.

speed = distance/time.

PDH (4 decks)

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