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DPT704: Neuro Hank > Cranial Nerve - Pons > Flashcards

Cranial Nerve - Pons Flashcards

1
Q

What two parts is the pons divided into?

A
  1. Tegmentum

2. Basis Pontis

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2
Q

Select the proper portion of the Pons:

Dorsal Portion

a. Tegmentum
b. Basis Pontis

A

a. Tegmentum

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3
Q

Select the proper portion of the Pons:

Contains pontine nuclei and crossing pontine fibers running transversely.

a. Tegmentum
b. Basis Pontis

A

b. Basis Pontis

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4
Q

Select the proper portion of the Pons:

Ventral Portion

a. Tegmentum
b. Basis Pontis

A

b. Basis Pontis

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5
Q

Select the proper portion of the Pons:

Contains cranial nuclei and ascending and descending tracts.

a. Tegmentum
b. Basis Pontis

A

a. Tegmentum

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6
Q

Select the proper portion of the Pons:

This region lies just below the forth ventricle.

a. Tegmentum
b. Basis Pontis

A

a. Tegmentum

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7
Q

Select the proper portion of the Pons:

Marked by large fasicles of fibers containing corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopointine axons.

a. Tegmentum
b. Basis Pontis

A

b. Basis Pontis

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8
Q

The Basis Pontis contains pontine nuclei and corssing pontine fibers running transversely which make up

A

middle cerebellar peducle

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9
Q

In the Basis Pontis, large fasicles of fibers containing corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopointine axons are running in what direction?

A

caudal

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10
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles

A

inferior, middle, and superior

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11
Q

All 3 cerebral peducles can be seen at what level?

A

pontine level

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12
Q

As a general principle, the cerebellar peduncles allow for

A

cerebellar afferents to enter (inferior and middle) and exit (superior) the cerebellum.

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13
Q

Which Cranial Nerves are associated with the pons?

A

CNVIII - Vestibularcochlear
CNVII - Facial
CNVI - Abducens
CNV - Trigeminal

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14
Q

What is the function of the Cochlear Division of CNVIII Vestibulochochlear Nerve?

A

relay of auditory information from specialized receptor, the cochlea.

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15
Q

Auditory information is distributed (IPSILATERALLY, CONTRALTERALLY, BILATERALLY) through the brain stem and cortical auditory areas.

A

Auditory information is distributed BILATERALLY through the brain stem and cortical auditory areas.

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16
Q

T/F: Unilateral lesions of the CNS auditory structures do not result in unilateral deafness.

A

True

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17
Q

T/F: Damage to the CNVIII or both cochlear nuclei will result in ipsilateral deafness.

A

True

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18
Q

If sensory stems are topographically organized, how is the entire auditory system organized?

A

tonotopically

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19
Q

Specifically what is the ultimate end goal of auditory pathways?

A

cerebral cortex:

  • the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus (within the lateral sulcus)
  • Broadmann’s areas 41 and 42
  • Pirmary Auditory Cortex
  • Transverse Temporal Gyri of Heschl
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20
Q

T/F: Much cross-communication takes place in the auditory pathway before arriving at cortex.

A

True

The bilateral representation is complex and actual relay steps are unclear. It does however support the ability to localize sound to one side.

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21
Q

The Cochlear Nerve consists of axons or central processes of neurons containing what information?

A

bringing afferent information from the inner ear.

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22
Q

Where does the Cochlear Nerve enter the brainstem?

A

cerebellopontine angle

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23
Q

Once the Cochlear Nerve enters the brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle, what does it do?

A

bifurcates to synapse

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24
Q

After the Cochlear Nerve enters the brainstem and bifurcates where does it synapse?

A

in both dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

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25
Q

Where are the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei located?

A

both are superficial and located in rostral (open) medullar, adjacent to the based of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

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26
Q

What are the seven synapses that occur for the Cochlear Nerve?

A
  1. Dorsal and Ventral Cochlear Nuclei
  2. Superior Olivary Nucleus
  3. Lateral Lemniscus
  4. Nucleus of Inferior colliculus
  5. Brachium of inferior colliculus
  6. Medial geniculate nucleus
  7. Primary auditory cortex
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27
Q

What is the pathway for the protective auditory reflex of turning head TO sound?

A

Inferior Colliculus >
Superior Colliculus >
Tectospinal Tract

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28
Q

Which nucleus is important for protection against loud noise?

A

Superior olivary nucleus

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29
Q

What are the two areas which the superior olivary nucleus can dampen noise?

A
  1. Stapes

2. Malleus

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30
Q

What cranial nerve does the olivary nucleus use to dampen noise at the stapes?

A

CNVII Facial

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31
Q

What cranial nerve does the olivary nucleus use to dampen noise at the malleus?

A

CNV Trigeminal

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32
Q

What muscle does the superior olivary nucleus project to the CNVII Facial to dampen noise at the stapes?

A

Stapedius Muscle

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33
Q

What muscle does the superior olivary nucleus project to the CNV Trigeminal to dampen noise at the malleus?

A

Tensor Tymapni Muscle

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34
Q

What is Acoustic Neuroma?

A

Tumor growing in the cerebellopontine angle, usually benign and beginning on the VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve

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35
Q

What affect does the Acoustic Neuroma have on the Vestibular Component of VIII Vestibulochchlear?

A

irritative lesion; changes in perception of head position - spinning sensation, vertigo

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36
Q

What affect does Acousitc Neroma have besides the vestibular component?

A

Tinnitus (rinning of the ears); irritative lesion.

37
Q

What nerves can Acoustic Neuroma also involve?

A

CNVII Facial
CNV Trigeminal
CNIX Glossopharyngeal

38
Q

How can antibiotics affect the auditory system?

A

Antibiotic Toxicity - some antibiotics are toxic to the CNS (penicillin, streptomyocin) When given for ear infections, they can effect CNVIII Vestibulochoclear specifically.

39
Q

Why can antibiotics effect CNVIII vestibulochoclear specifically?

A

This CN has a “weak” spot in the change from meninges to the connective tissue component of a peripheral nerve.

40
Q

What is the function of CNV Trigeminal?

A

Mixed nerve for general sensation of the face and head area, as well as motor output to the muscles of mastication.

41
Q

The sensory parts of CNV Trigeminal carry the same modalities as those carried in

A

both the dorsal column medial lemniscal and spinothalamic tract.

42
Q

CNV Trigeminal carries general somatosensation for

A

anterior 2/3 of face

43
Q

CNV Trigeminal is broken up into what divisions?

A

V1 - Opthalmic Division
V2 - Maxillary Division
V3 - Mandibular Division

44
Q

CNV Trigeminal V1 - Opthalmic Division is responsible for somatosensation

A

above the eye

45
Q

CNV Trigeminal V2 - Maxillar Division is responsible for somatosensation

A

below the eye, above the mouth

46
Q

CNV Trigeminal V1 - Mandibular Division is responsible for somatosensation

A

jaw

47
Q

Lower motor neurons of CNV Trigeminal innervate

A

muscles of mastication and a couple of other muscles:

  • Nerve to Mylohyoid (mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle)
  • Tensor Tympani
48
Q

Muscles of mastication are restricted to which division(s) of CNV Trigeminal?

A

Mandibular Division of CNV

49
Q

Where do the axons for CNV Trigeminal motor division synapse in the middle pons?

A

Motor Trigeminal Nucleus (CNV)

50
Q

What are the components of the CNVII Facial?

A

Sensory
Somatic Motor
Autonomic Motor

51
Q

What is the function of the Sensory component of CNVII Facial?

A

Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue

52
Q

What is the function of the Somatic Motor component of CNVII Facial?

A

Muscle Expression
and
Reflexive control of auditory sounds - Stapedius

53
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Motor component of CNVII Facial?

A

Lacrimal Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Glands

54
Q

LMN in motor nucleus of VII innervate (IPSILATERAL, CONTRALTERAL, BILATERAL) muscles of facial expression.

A

LMN in motor nucleus of VII innervate IPSILATERAL muscles of facial expression.

55
Q

What muscles of facial expression do LMN in motor nucleus of VII innervate ipsilatteraly?

A

Platysma and Stapedius

56
Q

Where do LMN in motor of nucleus VIII exit?

A

anterolateral part of tegmentum of lower pons

57
Q

CNVII Facial motor neurons in motor nucleus are for muscle on

A

half of face

somatotopic organisation

58
Q

CNVII Facial UMN innervation (corticobulbar) is (IPSILATERAL, CONTRALTERAL, BILATERAL) to upper part of face representation.

A

UMN innervation (corticobulbar) is BILATERAL) to upper part of face representation.

59
Q

CNVII Facial UMN innervation (corticobulbar) is (IPSILATERAL, CONTRALTERAL, BILATERAL) to lower part of face representation.

A

UMN innervation (corticobulbar) is CONTRALTERAL to lower part of face representation.

60
Q

A lesion of the nucleus or the fibers of CNVII Facial LMN results in

A

LMN signs in the innervated muscle as motor neurons are final common pathway.

61
Q

What are the signs of LMN lesions and are the signs ipsilateral or contralateral?

A
  • Flaccid paralysis (atonia or hypotonia)
  • Areflexia or hyporeflexia
  • Atrophy of muscle (muscle wasting)
  • Fasciculations and fibrillations

Signs should be ipsilateral because LMN in motor nucleus of VII innervate ipsilateral muscles of facial expression

62
Q

Where are CNVII Facial preganglionic parasympathetic neurons located?

A

reticular formation in the caudal pons

63
Q

What are CNVII Facial preganglionic parasympathetic neurons responsible for?

A
  1. Tear Production

2. Salivation

64
Q

Where are CNVII Facial postganglionic cell bodies located for tear production?

A

pterygopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland)

65
Q

Where are CNVII Facial postganglionic cell bodies located for salivation?

A

submandibular ganglia (submandibular and sublingual glands)

66
Q

What branch of the CNVII facial nerve is responsible for taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

chorda tympani

67
Q

Through what tract do CNVII Facial Nerve Chorda Tympani run through?

A

Rostral part of Solitary Nucleus (NTS)

68
Q

What synapses in the caudal part of NTS?

A

cardio-respiratory and gastrointestinal processes

69
Q

Where does CNVII Facial Nerve Chorda Tympani project to from NTS?

A

VPM

70
Q

CNVII Facial Nerve Chorda Tympani projects from NTS (IPSILATERALLY, CONTRALATERALLY, BILATERALLY) to VMP.

A

CNVII Facial Nerve Chorda Tympani projects from NTS IPSILATERALLY to VMP.

71
Q

CNVII Facial Nerve Chorda Tympani projects from NTS ipsilaterally to VMP to ___

A

gustatory area of cortex - parietal lobe and insula

72
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

CNVII Facial Nerve LMN deficit to muscles of facial expression.

73
Q

CNVII Facial Nerve UMN lesions - deficit on (IPSILATERAL, CONTRALATERAL, BILATERALLY) lower face.

A

contralateral lower face only

74
Q

Why is CNVII Facial Nerve UMN lesions deficit on contralteral lower face only?

A

UMN innervation (corticobulbar) is contralateral only to lower part of face representation.

75
Q

What are symptoms of lesions for LMN deficit for CNVII Facial Nerve?

A

ipsilateral face

  • Dry cornea; ulcerated cornea.
  • Loss of taste over ipsilateral ant. 2/3 of tongue.
  • Inability to produce saliva.
  • Hyperacusis - stapedius can’t dampen sound.

-Only lower motor deficit of muscles of facial expression (Bell’s Palsy.)

76
Q

What cranial nerves is Corneal Blink Reflex carried by?

A

CNV Trigeminal

CNVII Facial Nerve

77
Q

What is the Blink Reflex?

A

courch the cornea and both eyes close

78
Q

What is the Direct Reflex of blink reflex?

A

closure of touched eye (ipsilateral)

79
Q

What is the Indirect or consensual response of blink reflex?

A

closure of untouched eye (contralteral)

80
Q

Circuits of Blink Reflex: what is the receptor and what is its peripheral process CN?

A

free nerve ending in cornea (peripheral process of sensory neuron in the opthalmic division of CNV Trigeminal - elicit with cotton wisp)

81
Q

Circuits of Blink Reflex: where does the afferent limb, opthalmic division of CNV Trigeminal, central process end?

A

Main Sensory Nucleus of V Trigeminal

82
Q

Circuits of Blink Reflex: interneurons in Main sensory Nucleus of V project directly to ____ and ___.

A

interneurons in main sensory nucleus of V project directly to IPSILATERAL facial motor nucleus and to RF interneurons.

83
Q

Circuits of Blink Reflex: the Direct Reflex efferent limb runs from ___ to ___

A

ipsilateral facial motor nucleus to orbicularis oculi - BLINK

84
Q

Circuits of Blink Reflex: the Indirect Reflex efferent limb runs from ____ to ____

A

RF internerons project to contralateral facial motor nucleus to activate contralateral orbicularis oculi - BLINK

85
Q

If the ipsilateral afferent limb, Opthalmic Division of CNV Trigeminal, from the Sensory Receptor to Main Sensory Nucleus V Trigeminal is cut, what will the result be?

A

No blink either side.

86
Q

If the efferent limb from ipsilateral Facial Motor Nucleus VII to Orbicularis Oculi is cut, what will the result be?

A

Loss of direct response, ipsilateral facial paralysis

87
Q

If the efferent limb from Main Sensory Nucleus V Trigeminal to ipsilateral Facial Motor Nucleus VII is cut, what will the result be?

A

Loss of direct response, no evidence of facial paralysis

88
Q

If the RF interneuron from Main Sensory Nucleus V Trigeminal to contralateral Facial Motor Nucleus VII, what will the result be?

A

Loss of indirect response, no evidence of facial paralysis.

89
Q

If the efferent limb from contralateral Facial Motor Nucleus VII to orbicularis oculi is cut, what will the result be?

A

Loss of indirect response, contralateral facial paralysis

DPT704: Neuro Hank (14 decks)

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