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Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Studies in the Modern World > Crime and Punishment > Flashcards

Crime and Punishment Flashcards

1
Q

What are absolute ethics?

A

A clear set of rules which are always right or wrong- e.g ‘Do not kill.’

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2
Q

What are relative ethics?

A

No definite set of rules, right and wrong change depending on the situation- e.g ‘Kill in self defence’

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3
Q

What is conscience?

A

What helps humans assess the right choice to make in a moral decision

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4
Q

Whats the difference between a sin and a crime?

A

A sin is against God, a crime is against the law

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5
Q

Why are laws needed?

A
  • Humans live in groups, and groups need rules to organise the behaviour of individuals.
  • Laws protect the weak from the strong
  • Advanced civilisations need to laws to keep everything organised and safe
  • If people think the legal system isn’t working, then they might start a civil war, so laws prevent violence
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6
Q

Should Christians obey God or the law of the land?

A

The law of the land
- However Thomas Aquinas argued that crimes that aren’t sins usually come about as a result of unjust laws- and if some laws are unjust, people may think all laws are unjust and break them.

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7
Q

Should Muslims obey God or the law of the land?

A
  • Muslims believe they should follow Shariah law- religious law from Allah
  • Often in line with Uk law- e.g killing is forbidden, but abortion is considered against Shariah Law
  • Some UK laws are against Shariah law- such as relaxed laws surrounding alcohol.
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8
Q

Why is justice important in Islam?

A
  • The Qur’an teaches that Allah wants people to act justly- ‘stand out firmly against injustice’
  • Everyone is equal under Islamic Law
  • The Prophet Muhammad acted with compassion and Muslims should follow his example
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9
Q

What is deterrence?

A

The idea that punishments will be of such a nature that they will put people off committing a crime

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10
Q

What is reformation?

A

The idea that punishments should try to change criminals so that they will not commit crimes again

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11
Q

What is retribution?

A

The idea that punishments should make criminals pay for what they have done wrong

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12
Q

What is protection?

A

The idea that society should be protected from the criminal and the offences that a criminal commits

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12
Q

What is vindication?

A

An aim or punishment that means offenders must be punished to show that the law must be respected and is right

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13
Q

What is reparation?

A

An aim of punishment designed to help an offender put something back into society

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14
Q

What does Christianity say about crime?

A
  • Sin is a part of human nature and that all people have the potential to commit crime
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15
Q

What does Christianity say about punishment?

A
  • Punishments ensure justice is done
  • Christians don’t believe in taking revenge when they are wrong
  • They belive they should forgive the sins of others in the same way they believe God forgives them for their sins
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16
Q

What forms of punishment do Christians support?

A
  • Reform (as this is what Jesus tried to do)
  • Protection and deterrence are also important aims
  • Some Christians also follow the old Testament teaching - ‘an eye for an eye’ to show that retribution should also be considered
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17
Q

Why is punishment needed in Islam?

A
  • To protect society from the dangers of crime
  • Punishments should discourage crime
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18
Q

What do punishments aim to do in Islam?

A
  • Reform
  • The Qur’an often mentions repentance in association with crimes
19
Q

Why are some punishments so severe in Islam?

A
  • Because the law is from Allah, so to break the law is to go against Allah
20
Q

How do Muslims work for justice?

A
  • Through Zakah, when income is given to the poor
  • This means there is less need to commit crimes such as stealing
21
Q

What does the Qur’an teach about judgement and punishment?

A
  • That judgement and punishment ultimately belong to God
  • God demands that all people show justice and mercy to others though
22
Q

Who is Elizabeth Fry?

A
  • A prison reformer in the 19th century
  • She focused on education and reforming prisoners
  • She taught female prisoners to read and write and held Bible readings
23
Q

Who is John Howard?

A

-Prison reformer in the 18th century
- Recommended to Parliament that prisons have clean running water, separate cells for men and women and access to doctors
- Started the Howard Leage for Penal Reform

24
Q

What does the Howard Leage for Penal Reform campaign for?

A
  • prisoners to be out of cells for at least 10 hours a day
  • education
  • socialisation
  • help to stop reoffending
25
Q

What are prison reformers?

A
  • They aim to improve the prison system
  • Their aim is to create a fair and humane justice system that not only punishes, but helps to reform as well
26
Q

What do Muslims believe they have a duty to do?

A
  • Challenge unfair laws, such as those that opress and imprison people
  • ‘Stand up firmly for justice’ - Qur’an
27
Q

What is a prison chaplain?

A

A person attached to non-religious institutions such as prisons, hospitals and schools who provides pastoral care (in this case for inmates)

28
Q

What do prison chaplains do in Judaism?

A
  • Provide a counselling service for inmate
  • Pray with the inmante
  • Help the inmate to see a way out of criminal life and reform
  • Help the prisoner find religion again
29
Q

What do prison chaplains do in Islam?

A
  • lead prayers
  • run study groups to increase understanding of the Qur’an
  • Provide care and pastoral support
30
Q

What is Paulist Prison Ministries?

A
  • Prison Chaplains who work with prisoners
  • Offer support and counselling
  • Also work with families of those in prison
31
Q

What are Humanist arguments in favour of the Death Penalty?

A
  • Acts as a deterrent
  • Execution is cheaper than imprisonment
  • Execution is the ultimate retribution
32
Q

What are Humanist arguments against the DP?

A
  • There have been many occasions of innocent people being wrongfully executed
  • Executed terrorists could be seen as martyrs, which may encourage others
  • Capital crimes don’t drop in countries with the Death Penalty
33
Q

What are Islamic arguments for the DP?

A
  • Shar’iah Law allows for capital punishment, and as this is in the Qur’an, it is Allah’s word
  • Prophet Muhammad agreed with capital punishment
  • Duty to protect the Ummah
34
Q

What are Islamic arguments against the DP?

A
  • Shari’ah Law only suggests capital punishment, it doesn’t make it compulsory
  • An alternative is that a victims family can accept blood money from a criminal.
  • A lot of Muslims disagree with it due to its usage in countries with oppressive regimes
35
Q

What are Christian arguments for the DP?

A
  • The Old Testament set capital punishment as a penalty for some crimes
  • Important Christian leaders such as St. Thomas Aquinas have supported the death penalty in order to protect society
  • Some Conservative Christians follow ‘an eye for an eye’
36
Q

What are Christian arguments against the DP?

A
  • Jesus was a victim of the death penalty
  • Jesus teaches forgiveness, not retribution
  • Liberal Christians believe only God has the right to take life
37
Q

Why might people be against rehabilitation?

A
  • Some people see it as being ‘soft on criminals’
38
Q

Why might people be against retribution?

A
  • Punishments should be motivated by justice, not revenge
39
Q

What are the 6 main aims of punishment?

A

Retribution
Reparation
Reformation
Protection
Justice
Deterrent

40
Q

What do Christians believe about aims of punishment?

A
  • Everyone was created free to accept or reject God’s ways
  • If people sin or commit crime justice must follow
  • Forgiveness must be sought
  • At the end of life, God will be the final judge
  • Jesus taught compassion and not revenge
41
Q

What do Christians believe is the origin of evil?

A
  • Humans are born with original sin, which results in an urge to do bad things
  • God allows evil to exist to develop our souls to be closer to God
  • Iranaeus said to prevent evil would be to interfere with free will
  • Hick believes God created humans with the potential for spiritual growth
42
Q

What do Hick and St. Iranaeus think about why evil belongs in the world?

A
  • Humans were made in the image of God, but are not perfect
  • Humans need to grow to become spiritually perfect- this is done through suffering
  • Through free will we can make the right choices
  • This is called soul making and explains why God allows evil, it helps people to grow and become a better person
43
Q

What do Christians believe about free will?

A
  • God has given everyone freedom to live their lives
  • Many believe that all though God is all knowing, we still have the ability to choose
44
Q

Why is suffering not always evil for Christians?

A
  • God may use evil to bring about great goods which could not have been possible without
  • Suffering could be a sign of love
  • Suffering is a proof of commitment to God
  • Through the suffering and death of Jesus, we are saved from our sins
45
Q
A

Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Studies in the Modern World (7 decks)

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