Crime Topic 5 Flashcards
Newman defensible space -Additional study
Defensible space- designing buildings so it appears all space belongs to some individual or group.
-No hallways or elevators and small housing projects
-Zone of territorial influence: there should be markers e.g. fences or hedges to show an area is private.
Opportunities for surveillance: physical layout should make it easy for intruders to be spotted (apartments have a courtyard). Smaller groups of residence enhance sense of community so easier to detect intruders.
Image: personalisation of residence to suggest individuality.
Milieu: set surroundings of building in more personal space like courtyards rather than open spaces that have easier escape routes.
Bratton- Zero tolerance policy in New York.
‘Broken windows’ principle applied.
Three waves:
-Subway graffiti: 1984-1990. A cleaning station set up in Bronx to ensure all subway carriages with graffiti were cleaned up. Kids spent 3 nights painting murals on subway carriages only for them to be painted over.
Subway fare-dodging: 1990-1994. Teams of ten police officers set up and a city bus turned into a rolling police station to speed up the process of those that had been arrested. Checks were run on those arrested which showed 1 in 7 had an outstanding warrant for a previous crime while 1 in 20 were carrying a weapon.
-Quality of life crimes: attention shifted to squeegee men who demanded payment for washing car windows as well as people who were drunk in public or urinating in the street.
Wilson and Kelling
An essay with 3 elements:
1-
-In the past police assisted communities in maintaining order and now they fight crime.
2-
-How criminal behaviour in a community can develop.
-Broken windows policy: a window is broken; other windows get broken; vandalism leads to breakdown of community controls; property is abandoned and rowdy children stop getting told off so become more disruptive. Families move out and unattached adults move in. Streets become more dangerous and this area is vulnerable to crime invasion beyond recovery.
Experiment: Philip Zimbardo arranged two cars without license plates and their bonnets up, one in New York and one in California. The car in Bronx NY was attacked within 10 mins: radio and battery were removed and random destruction followed. The vehicle in California remained untouched until Zimbardo broke a window and immediately passers by joined in.
3- suggestions
- Police should focus on maintaining order again.
- Police should do more foot patrol so disorderly behaviour is managed through informal rules being enforced e.g. alcohol bottles had to be in paper bags.
- in areas where public order is deteriorating, broken windows need to be mended straight away.
Brown- CCTV in town centres vs Burrows
IV- CCTV in town centres in Birmingham, Newcastle and Kings Lynn
DV- level of crime in town centres
-When CCTV cameras were introduced to the area, there was a reduction in burglaries by 56% in Newcastle and criminal damage reduced by 34%.
Burrows:
- Put up CCTV in 4 London underground stations
- After a year, There was a large decrease in crime in this area (70%).
- However, as it got further away from the area, the reduction in crime became less (38% reduction across underground network This suggests CCTV doesn’t stop crime it just disperses it to surrounding areas.
Ernest-Jones et al- eyes on posters
Location- university canteen in Newcastle
IV- posters containing messages to clear litter either with a picture of flowers or a picture of eyes.
-Amount of people around
DV- eyes posters caused the highest decrease in littering (50%).
-More people around, the posters are less effective.
