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Chemistry > Crude Oil > Flashcards

Crude Oil Flashcards

1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons,

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2
Q

How are components in crude oil separated?

A

By fractional distillation.

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3
Q

Describe fractional distillation?

A

Crude oil heated until mostly gas - entered into fractionating column.
Liquid bitumen drained off at the bottom.
Hot at the bottom & cooler at top - temperature gradient.
Longer hydrocarbons have higher BP’s & are drained early - shorter hydrocarbons have lower BP’s so condense later & drained out towards the top.
When substances reach up to a part of the column where temperature is lower than their BP - gases condense into a liquid & drained out.

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4
Q

Describe the boiling points of hydrocarbons?

A

Longer-chain hydrocarbons have higher BP’s - condense & drain out of column early.
Shorter-chain hydrocarbons have lower BP’s - condense into liquid nearer cooler top of the column.

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5
Q

How are separated liquid stopped from remixing?

A

Bubble caps in fractionating column stop separated liquids running back down the column & remixing.

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6
Q

What is at each fraction?

A

Each fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons with similar BP’s.

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7
Q

What’s the difference between saturated & unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons - only Carbon single bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons - carbon=carbon double bonds.

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8
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that contain only hydrogen & carbon.

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9
Q

Describe the order from bottom to top of fractions in the column?

A

Liquid bitumen -> Fuel oil -> Diesel -> Kerosene -> Petrol (gasoline) -> Refinery gases.

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10
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Bitumen - surfacing roads.

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11
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

Fuel oil - fuel for ships.

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12
Q

What is diesel used for?

A

Diesel - car fuel.

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13
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Kerosene - aircraft fuel.

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14
Q

What is petrol used for?

A

Petrol (gasoline) - car fuel.

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15
Q

What are refinery gases used for?

A

Refinery gases - cooking.

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16
Q

What is fuel?

A

A substance that when burned - releases energy.

17
Q

Describe the trend in colour/BP/viscosity of the fractions?

A

Longer hydrocarbons - fractions - at the bottom have:
Higher BP’s / higher viscosity / darker colour.

18
Q

What are the products of complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water.

19
Q

What happens inside car engines?

A

The temperature is high enough for oxygen & nitrogen to react -> forms Nitrogen oxides.

20
Q

Explain the formation of sulfur dioxide?

A

Fractions from crude oil burnt as fuels.
Sulfur dioxide comes from sulfur impurities in hydrocarbon fuels being burned in the air.

21
Q

Describe how acid rain is formed?

A

When sulfur dioxide & nitrogen oxides mix with water vapour in clouds - form dilute sulfuric acid & nitric acid.
This falls as acid rain - causes lakes to become acidic & plants/animals die.

22
Q

Describe the process of catalytic cracking?

A

Vaporised hydrocarbons passed over powdered (Al2O3/SiO2) catalyst at 550C
Alkane is heated until it’s vaporised.
Breaks down when it comes into contact with catalyst - forms short-chain alkanes & alkenes.

23
Q

Why is cracking necessary in terms of balance between supply & demand for different fractions?

A

Demand for short-chain hydrocarbons much higher than longer-chain hydrocarbons - e.g. octane used in petrol (gasoline) & other fuels.
To meet demand - long-chain hydrocarbons split into more useful short-chain molecules by cracking.

24
Q

Define homologous series?

A

Group of compounds that can be represented by the same general formula.

25
Q

Define functional group?

A

Functional group - group of atoms that determine how a compound reacts.

26
Q

Define an isomer?

A

COMPOUNDS with same Molecular formula but different Structural Formula

27
Q

How do you name organic compounds?

A

Count no. of atoms in the Carbon chain.
Identify functional group (ane/ene/oic acid/alkyl & anoate).
Number Carbon chain so functional group has the lowest number.
If > 1 functional group, before suffix - di (2) tri (3) tetra (4).

28
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

Group of atoms replaced by different group of atoms.

29
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Group of atoms added without taking anything away.

30
Q

What is a combustion reaction?

A

Burning in oxygen.
Forms CO2 & water.
Exothermic - releases heat.

31
Q

What is CO2?

A

A greenhouse gas - increasing amounts trap more heat - climate change.

32
Q

What are characteristics of a homologous series?

A

Members differ between each other by CH2.
Same general formula.
Same functional group.

Chemistry (19 decks)

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