CSET I Flashcards
Phonetics
sounds out of mouth (articulatory versus produced)
Actual sounds are different from what we hear in our heads. Aspiration is the puff of air after T, P, or K when they begin a syllable with a vowel right after. In other languages, the aspiration or not has a difference in meaning. But with phonetics, meaning doesn’t matter. It only matters how sounds are produced. “STOP” only has one aspiration after P whereas “TOPS” has an aspiration after both T and P.
Phonology
Phonology- Systems of sound. How the production of sounds make a difference in the language. English has 6 different ways of pronouncing T, aspirated unaspirated. Pot doesn’t have a real T sound, just a cut off. A flap is like in little, we hear it as a t but more like d. Glottal stop like kitten. Hunter has no t at all, just in our brains. All of the above are allophones of the sound t because none of them change meaning.
Phonology is the study of phonemes, which are found by minimal pairs such as pat and bat, since they don’t mean the same thing, the difference is a phoneme in English, meaning p and b are phonemes.The sound in
Thrill and Bill is not a minimal pair because they differ in more than one phone.
Allophones
Aspirated and unaspirated P are not separate phonemes because they don’t make a difference in meaning in English, so they are allophones of the same phoneme, like two ways of “sounding” the same meaning. Like r and l in Japanese. B and v in Spanish?
Spanish Allophones: [d] and [ð]
For example, the Spanish phoneme /d/ is pronounced as a stop [d] at the beginning of the word or after n or l, as in doña (ˈdo.ɲa) or andar (ãn̪.ˈdaɾ).
However, when it appears in other places, like in the word hada (ˈa.ða) where the /d/ is in between vowels, it’s pronounced [ð]—similar to the voiced “th” sound in English words “they” and “gather.”
Many native Spanish speakers are not aware that they pronounce the /d/ phoneme in distinct ways. As a non-native speaker, if you were to pronounce the word candado (kan.dá.ðo) as (kan.dá.do), you would be understood but native listeners would detect a faint accent.
Spanish Allophones: [b] and [β]
The Spanish phoneme /b/ can be pronounced as [b] or [β], depending on its position in the word. Similarly as in the [d] and [ð] case, you pronounce /b/ as [b] if the word that starts with the letter b is spoken in isolation or it is in a group of words but pronounced after a pause, or after a nasal consonant /m, n). However, between two vowels /b/ is always a [β].
bandera [‘ban.de.ra]
ambos [‘am.bos]
envía [‘em.bía]
sabe [‘sa.βe]
lava
Spanish phonemic orthography
In an ideal world, one specific letter would correspond with one specific phoneme, to make language learning more efficient. Luckily, Spanish is quite close to this linguistic utopia, leading scholars to boast about “Spanish phonemic orthography,” which is a fancy way of saying that words are pronounced almost exactly as they’re written. In fact, you rarely need to use a dictionary to check the pronunciation of a written Spanish word after you’ve learned the phonetics.
Spanish has 24 phonemes and US English has 32.
Phonetics and Phonology difference
So phonetics is about the sounds and phonology is which sounds matter for meaning.
Phonetics is across all languages.
Phonology depends on a particular language.
Two TH sounds in English
Thy and thigh have different th sounds “theta” symbol versus “thorn”
sound for measure and rouge
that sound
Velar nasal
sing and think, the ng with no g.
Place of articulation labials
m, p, b
Place of articulation: Labio dentals
f and v
place of articulation interdentals with tongue
th
Place of articulation: Aveolars
Aveolar ridge: t, d, s, z, n, l, r
Place of articulation: post aveolars
further back in mouth: sh, ch, rouge
place of articulation: palatal glide
y in love ya, starts in front and glides back on palate
place of articulation: velar
near velum (back of mouth): k, g, w, sing,
Place of articulation: glottals
made with glottus: h
Manner of articulation: stops
complete obstruction (can’t be elongated): p, b, t, d, k, g
Manner of articulation: Fricatives
(can elongate): f, v, s, g, h
Manner of articulation: Affricates
Combination of stop and fricatives like ch.
Manner of articulation: Nasals
with nose: m, n, ng
Voiced or voiceless
Like z and s, vocal folds are vibrating or not
Number English vowels
19.English has a lot more (19) vowels in phonology (sounds with meaning) than Spanish (only 5, all long or tense)
Monothongs
E sound as in seat
I as in sit
A as in sate
E as in set
A as in sat
U as in suit
OO as in soot
O as in soat (not a word, boat)
A as in sought
A as in sot (Utahans don’t differentiate between caught and cot)
U as in sudden or hut
Schwa sound which is unstressed a like first syllable of about and last of sofa
Diphthongs
(combination of monothongs) We hear these as vowels because we treat them as phonemes but phonetically they are two distinct sounds
Long eye sound like mice (ai)
Vowel o plus glide like moist (oi)
Au like in mouse
Ai like in tail
R-Controlled vowels
English has r-controlled vowels like Burt bird, burn, car horn that is almost like the elimination of the grapheme (vowel letter)
English vowels
Basically English vowels have 5 long, 5 short, 3 “special” (saw, school, took), 3 R controlled (er, ar, or), 2 Dipthongs oi ou (but what about mice and tail?), and one Schwa (banana).
Spanish vowels
Also many Spanish vowels can be combined into diphthongs that end up sounding much like English vowels
Like cohete can be similar to the short e in went. Short a in yam is like final vowel of media.
Watch out vowels in English
E, I, Y change vowels K takes I and E, C takes the other three. Ken Kill Kim, cat, coy, cut (because if it were c, it would sound like sen, sill, sim, like cellular, circle, and cycle) Also G is affected by E, I, Y, gem, ginger, gymnastics. Otherwise it is other sound like Gault, gas, God, gopher
E and I effect on Spanish
Spanish c is similarly affected by E and I, like cebra, ciervo, versus camara, conejo, culo. Also G, gato, goma, gusano versus general, gigante.
This explains why U must be added to words to preserve the G sound rather than the spanish J sound. So guerra would be jerra if it were gerra. If you want to preserve the U sound after the g you have to put two dots like verguenza,
Grapheme
In the word little, the phoneme /t/ is represented by the grapheme tt.
Phoneme= Smallest unit of sound in a language
Grapheme= Smallest units of print to represent a single phoneme
Morphology
Morphology is changing words by adding morphemes (ex. Farm morphs into farmer by adding -er to suffix. Deporte se puede cambiar a deportista por añadir el sufí-ista.). Types of Morphemes: Free can function on their own (book and read) Bound are added to free morphemes to create new words (books and reading) Lexical are free that do real work (verb, nouns, adjectives) while functional does easier stuff like pronouns, articles (he, but, to)
Morpheme
Smallest meaningful linguistic unit. Cherrytrees. The s has meaning because it makes it plural therefore it is the smallest meaningful unit and is a morpheme. Cherry is a morpheme because it is the smallest meaningful unit, can’t be broken down further because the y doesn’t add meaning to it. Tr doesn’t add meaning to tree, so tree is a morpheme.
Cherry and tree are FREE MORPHEMES
S doesn’t have meaning on its own is BOUND MORPHEME because it needs to be attached to something else.
-s un- the hyphen goes where the word needs to attach.
Infix
When a morpheme appears in the middle of the root it is called an infix.
Inflection
Morphemes have functions like meaning or grammar.
Inflection is when grammatical morphemes don’t change the meaning, they just add grammatical info about how much or when something happened, like walk-ed tree-s
Derivation
Derivation is when the morpheme changes the meaning of the word it attaches to. Example: write versus writer. One is a command, the other is a person. Also: likely versus unlikely, they are antonyms with opposite meanings.
Lexeme
Everything that we cannot derive from something else is stored in the mental lexicon and is a lexeme. “Talk” is a lexeme. Talking, talker, talks, are all word forms that are part of it.
Open-class words
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs: adding new such words to the language is possible.
Close-class words
Prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, etc. No new such words can be added to the language
Bound morpheme example
un-trust-worth-y. Un- and -y are bound. Trust and worth are free.
imperfect
yo comia
preterite
yo comi
present
yo como
future
yo comere
imperfect subjunctive
yo comiera
imperative
coma
present subjunctive
yo coma
conditional
yo comeria
pluperfect
yo habia comido
conditional preterite
yo habria comido
present perfect
yo he comido
future perfect
yo habre comido
past perfect subjunctive
yo hubiera comido
present perfect subjunctive
yo haya comido
Allomorphs
variants of a morpheme that differ in pronunciation but are semantically (meaning) identical such as the English past tense morpheme “ed”: 4 different ways: hunted (id) banded (ed) fished /t/. and buzzed /d/
Regular suppletion
When adding an inflectional morpheme to a stem to express a specific grammatical category creating a new word form from the same lexeme (like plural or past) and the result follows the regular rule: cat: cats. Number: numbers. Wait: Waited.
Partial Suppletion
When adding an inflectional morpheme to a stem to express a specific grammatical category creating a new word form from the same lexeme (like plural or past) and the result PARTIALLY follows the regular rule: Man: men. Take: took. Drive: drove.
Full suppletion
When adding an inflectional morpheme to a stem to express a specific grammatical category creating a new word form from the same lexeme (like plural or past) and the result completely changes the graphemes: go: went.
Syntax
the grammatical constraints on language that let us know we can’t say reslept but we can say recarpeted.
Semantics
the meaning of sentences. Lexical semantics is the study of word meanings and relations. semantics is how one’s lexicon, grammatical structure, tone, and other elements of a sentence coalesce to communicate its meaning
From smallest to largest units of linguistic study
Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.First sound, then systems of sound to create meaning, then, units of meaning, then underlying constraints about combining words in ways that seem correct for all sharers of the language, then the meaning of those ways Chompsy’s famous: Colorless green ideas sleep furiously., then outside the language but affecting it such as intent of speaker and opinion of listener.
