Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

geography > CUE > Flashcards

CUE Flashcards

1
Q

megacity

A

a city of urban agglomeration with a population of more than 10 million people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

metacity

A

a conurbation with more than 20 million people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

urban growth

A

An increase in the number of urban dwellers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gentrification

A

Buying and renovating of properties, often in more run down areas by wealthier individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living on the outer edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Urban resurgence

A

Refers to the regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Counter urbanisation

A

Movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas thereby leapfrogging the rural urban fringe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dindustrialisation

A

The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Decentralisation

A

Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Edge city

A

Self - contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as a city in its own right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fortress landscapes

A

Refers to landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

World city

A

Cities which have great influence on a global scale, because of their financial status and worldwide commercial power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In 2008 hour many people lived in urban areas

A

3.3 billion people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anthropocene

A

The Anthropocene Epoch is an unofficial unit of geologic time, used to describe the most recent period in Earth’s history when human activity started to have a significant impact on the planet’s climate and ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

some factors that cause population change

A

new medicines and hospitals
better housing
discovery of contagious diseases
improved sewage and drinking water
pensions in old age
increasing cost of raising children
both parents work
contraception widley available
education for all
more women going to university

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when is the world population predicted to hit 10 billion

A

by 2083

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which countries have a net population reduction

A

russia and Spain
reduction in family sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is the increase in urban areas concentrated

A

Asia and Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2050 prediction of people living in urban areas in %

A

66%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2014 population living in urban areas in %

A

54%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

future survival of city depends on

A

sustainable growth
ability to tackle the major issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why are urban areas important

A
  • organisation of economic production
  • exchange of ideas and creative thinking
  • social and cultural centres
  • centres of political power and decision making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

global pattern of urbanisation since 1945

A

1945- less than 1/3 lived in urban areas
2008- more people live in urban areas than rural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which three countries expected to account for 37% of global urban population between 2014 and 2050

A

India
China
Nigeria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how many mega cities in 1950

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how many mega cities in 2015

A

24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

causes of urban growth

A

natural population growth
rural- urban migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

rural urban migration
push factors

A
  • wars
  • population growth, over- farming, low yields
  • desertification- agricultural inheritance
  • agricultural problems
    -high levels of disease
  • driven off land by bigger companies
  • natural disasters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

rural urban migration
pull factors

A
  • employment
  • informal sector
  • better quality social provisions
  • perceived better quality of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

negative impacts of urban sprawl

A
  • requires more roads and infrastructure
  • wildlife and habitat loss
  • more commuting from suburbs to city
  • increase air pollution
  • loss of farmland and open spaces
  • serious impact on water quality and water quantity
  • decentralisation, increased homogenisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

shortage of housing is lower income countries

A
  • high population density leads to informal housing
  • limited access to basic infrastructure
  • lack of services
  • total number in slums still increasing
  • extreme strategy to eradicate slums
  • sum upgrading programmes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how many slum dwellers in Mumbai in 2015

A

9 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

in 2013 UN habitat reported how many living in slum conditions

A

863 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

between 2000 and 2014 UN reported how many people living in slum areas gained access to better services

A

320 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The tower of David, Caracas, Venezuela
- the tallest slum in the world

A
  • 70% in Caracas living in informal housing
  • 52 story tower of david
  • building constructed in 1990 for bank headquarters, but was never completed
  • thriving community developed
  • shops, cafe, gym, electricity
  • 2014 the process of relocating the 1200 families began
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

shortage of affordable housing in higher income countries

A
  • rising demand for accommodation
  • London, house prices rose 50% 2010-15
  • in- migration, gentrification and foreign investors purchasing property
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

lack of urban services and waste disposal

A
  • financial restraints result in lack of basic services
  • maintenance of infrastructure is also limited
  • India, pipeline infrastructure not kept pace with urbanisation
  • India, 5% of piped water reached the slum areas in 42 cities
  • waste disposal another problem, can be seen as an opportunity to make money
  • health hazards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

under employment

A

situationin which a person is not doing work that makes full use of their skills and abilities
e.g. when a new migrant moves to the city

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

urbanisation
transport issues

A
  • increased traffic in cities
  • more congestion and pollution
  • suburbs- commuters
  • traffic flows for commercial services add to the problem
  • 1960s car boom wider roads built
  • more roads = more cars attracted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

the cycle of urbanisation

A
  1. urbanisation
  2. suburbanisation
  3. counterurbanisation
  4. urban resurgence

one process will dominate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Mumbai’s location and topography

A

west coast of India
capital of the state Maharashtra
low land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

how many officially recognised languages in India

A

22 languages
English is official language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

median age in India

A

28.7 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

India life expectancy

A

70 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

India literacy rate

A

74%
82.4% men
65.8% women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Mumbai population

A

20 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what happened to mumbai in 1945

A

originally 7 islands separated by swamps which were filled in making mumbai one large island
illegal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

when did the Suez Canal open

A

1869

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

when did India get independence from the British

A

1947

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

in 2015 how much in % did mumbai account for indias income tax

A

accounted for 33% of indias income tax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

in 2015 how much did mumbai account for foreign trade

A

40% of foreign trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are Mumbai’s origins

A

fishing village
Koli fishermen people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what did the british view mumbais port as

A

the gateway to india

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Malabar hill mumbai

A

highest point
most expensive area to live in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

suburbanisation

A

when villages, towns and rural areas are engulfed into larger urban areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

growth of public transport systems examples

A

London railways in 1850s
expansion of the London underground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

green belt

A

area of open space and low density land use around towns where further development was strictly controlled
1940s around London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what was the large scale construction around london in the 1960s

A

council housing on suburban fringe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Londons urban fringe

A

1970s- private housing estates
more land for gardens
more public open space
quieter
less polluted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

suburbanistation pull factors

A
  • more open spaces and cleaner environment
  • less congested and polluted
  • employment opportunities
  • lower house prices compared to urban centre
  • ## lower crime rates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

suburbanisation push factors

A
  • increasing traffic and pollution
  • perception of lower quality of life
  • desire to move away from industry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Metro- Land

A

term used by marketing department of the metropolitan railway housing department in 1919

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what counties developed into London suburbs as the metropolitan railway developed

A

Buckinghamshire
Hertfordshire
Middlesex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

housing estates developed from surplus land by the metropolitan railway

A

Wembley Park
Harrow Garden Village

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

negative effects of suburbanisation

A
  • environmental impacts
  • increased social segregation
  • diversion of funding
  • pressure of greenfield sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

How is Mumbai constricted in places to grow

A

grown in northern direction limited by physical geography
limited with creek systems in the north and east
aradian sea to the west
harbour to the south east

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what is Asia’s largest slum

A

Dharavi- in the heart of mumbai

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what individual towns have become extended suburbs of Mumbai

A

Thane
Vashi
Belapur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

did suburbanisation start northwards or eastwards in Mumbai

A

northwards along major transport routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

consequences of suburbanisation in Mumbai

A
  • people are economically stratified
  • less than 1/3 of population lives in the island city
  • centre of density of population has shifted for island city into suburban Salsette
  • commuter traffic has changed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What zone is the most modern part of rio

A

West zone
- Jacarepagua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is the most socially and economically polarized area of rio

A

South Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is the oldest part of rio

A

Centro/ CBD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what is rios main industrial and port area

A

North zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Rio new town example

A

Barra da Tijuca
1980s 4 lane motorway built through tunnels in a mountain
rich people
favelas for low paid employed by rich people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

in 2000 qhat was the population of Barra da Tijuca

A

140,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

USA example of suburbanisation

A

Detroit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what does counter urbanisation not lead to

A

does not lead to suburban growth, but to growth in rural areas beyond the main city

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what have improvements in technology led to

A

counter urbanisation
(internet- working from home)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what does counter urbanisation affect

A

the layout of rural settlements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

why is there conflict with new residents in counter urbanisation

A

local services close down- wealth to continue using urban services
less respect of the area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

evidence for counter urbanisation in an area

A
  • increased value of houses
  • construction of more housing
  • more use of commuter railway station
    conversion of former farm buildings
  • no parking spaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what is counter urbanisation sometimes referred to as

A

rural turnaround

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what did the new town act of 1946 encourage

A

counter urbanisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

UK new town example

A

Basildon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Mumbai new town example

A

Navi Mumbai- 1972
largest new town in the world
developed to reduce congestion and population densities in Mumbai
- bus network
- international airport
- IT and software firms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

population of Navi Mumbai

A

1,111,000 people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What years were Uks cities in decline

A

1950s to 1970s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Why did city areas such as the Docklands in London become abandoned

A

Industries and businesses left and areas weee left to decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Key problems in the 1980s in inner cities

A

Environmental- pollution, vandalism, overcrowding
Economic- unemployment, poverty, low incomes
Social- increased crime rates, falling birth rates, riots, racial attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Aims in improving inner cities through government policies

A
  • improved housing conditions
  • new jobs
  • encourage private sector investment
  • creation on green spaces to enhance environment
  • convert derelict buildings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Uk city examples of urban resurgence

A

London
Birmingham
Manchester
Leeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

How have cities revived their fortunes

A

Developed strong financial, business and consumer service industries
Attracted more uni students and immigrant workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What might areas of urban resurgence still contain

A

Industrial architecture from the past that has been converted for housing of recreational use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Example of urban resurgence in Birmingham

A

The Jewelry quarter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

In the early 1900s how many were employed in the jewelry quarter

A

20 000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

When did improvement begin in the jewelry quarter

A

Early 200s
Factories and warehouses converted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

example of urban resurgence in eats london

A

tech city
independent start up companies
global organisations
fashionable for its independent shops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What major sporting events acted as a catalyst to changing the fortunes of an area

A

London 2012 Olympic games
2014 Commonwealth games

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

USA cities of urban resurgence

A

New York
Boston
Los Angeles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

‘dead heart syndrome’

A

loss of manufacturing, retail business and downtown areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

New York City High line

A

1.5 mile elevated rail track abandoned in 1980s
redeveloped 2000 as an elevated park and walkway
development along the route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Battersea Power station

A

coal powered power station built 1930-50 on the thames
stopped generating power in 1983
redevelopment financed by Malaysias property development and investment business

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

1900 how many millionaire cities

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

2015 how many millionaire cities

A

over 500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

how much do mega cities account for in urban population

A

12 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

UN predicts how many mega cities by 2030

A

41 mega cities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

mega cities benefits

A
  • offer opportunities to expand access to services
  • less environmentally damaging to provide services then a dispersed rural population
  • larger and more diversified employment markets
  • better levels of education and healthcare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

what is almost inevitable in mega cities

A

that they are unstable

112
Q

world cities

A
  • mostly in HICs
  • disproportionately important in the global influence and economy
113
Q

GaWC

A

globalisation and world cities research network
based at loughborough uni
carry out cited rankings

114
Q

by using what as a resource can enterprises flourish in world cities

A

the population

115
Q

Saskia Sassen’s characteristics of a world city

A
  1. home to major stock exchanges and indexes
  2. influential in international political affairs
  3. home to world renowned cultural institutions
  4. services a major media hub
  5. large mass transit networks
  6. home to a large international airport
  7. having a prominent skyline
116
Q

factors that help to explain Shanghais its economic success

A

migration
production
political decision making
business

117
Q

open cities

A

offered foreign investors incentives similar to special economic zones but their corporate income taxes are higher

118
Q

provinces of china

A

Hong Kong
Guangdong
Fujian
Shanghai
Sichuan
Xinjiang
tibet

119
Q

Bengaluru in in 1970s

A

relatively small sustainable and green city

120
Q

what political process happened in the 1970s in Bengaluru

A

far sighted state government set aside a large piece of land outisde Bengaluru fo a high tech business park ‘electronics city’

121
Q

Bengaluru electronics city first TNC

A

texas instruments

122
Q

when did the IT and associated industries rapidly expand in Bengaluru

A

1990s

123
Q

political processes Bengaluru investing

A

education
transport
infrastructure
urban development areas
new suburban housing developments

124
Q

what is Bengaluru described as

A

largest job creating city in India

125
Q

in Bengaluru there is growing divide between who

A

middle class and the Dalits

126
Q

factors helping Bengaluru grow as an economic hub

A
  • international airport
  • lots of universities
  • international tech park
  • modern high rise business center
  • a lot of urban development areas
  • good transport network
  • diverse economy
  • slums- informal work
127
Q

Bengaluru population 2015

A

10.8 million

128
Q

global shift

A

the international re.location of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing industries

129
Q

inequality

A

the social and economic disparities that exist both between and withing different places and their societies

130
Q

cultural diversity

A

the extent to which a population is culturally heterogeneous or homogenous

131
Q

positive feedback

A

the way that socioeconomic or environmental changes become accelerated by the processes operating in a human or physical system

132
Q

offshoring

A

TNCs move parts of their own production process to other countries to reduce labour or other costs

133
Q

outsourcing

A

TNCs contract other company to produce the goods and services they need rather than do it themselves

134
Q

export processing zone

A

An industrial area often near coastline where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs

135
Q

neoliberal

A

A philosophy for managing economies and societies which takes the view that government interference should be kept to a minimum and that problems are best left for market forces to solve

136
Q

pros of neo liberalism

A

fast economic growth- ‘lack’ of barriers
benefits rich
TNCs can take advantage

137
Q

cons of neo liberalism

A

more expensive private owned businesses
poor- wouldn’t get benefits/money
universal credit affected
inequality
lost jobs

138
Q

decline of manufacturing factors

A

mechanisation
competition from abroad
reduced demand

139
Q

decentralisation

A

movement of industry away from the inner city

140
Q
A
141
Q

When were the world bank, International Monetary Fund and origin of the world trade organization established

A

1944-45

142
Q

When did china begin economic reforms and open its economy

A

1978

143
Q

When was the global financial crisis

A

2008-9

144
Q

When UK entrepreneur James Dyson move its shop floor operation to Malaysia in order to reduce labour costs by 2/3 after resisting moving years

A

2003

145
Q

When was the enlargement of the European Union

A

2004
Opportunity for UK manufacturers to move operations to lower wage Eastern European countries

146
Q

Rationalisation

A

the action of making a company, process, or industry more efficient, especially by dispensing with superfluous personnel or equipment.

147
Q

What was the decline of the manufacturing employment in the late 20th century accompanied by

A

The rise of service economy in urban areas

148
Q

Where are all major financial centres located

A

World cities

149
Q

Urban policy

A

Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems

150
Q

1979- 1991 urban policy

A

Emphasis given to property led initiatives and the creation of an entrepreneurial culture

151
Q

Urban policy 1991-97

A

Partnership schemes and competition led policy

152
Q

Urban policy 1997- 200s

A

Area based initiatives

153
Q

Urban development corporations case study

A

London docklands development corporation

154
Q

City challenge case study

A

Hume city challenge partnership
Manchester

155
Q

New deals for communities case study

A

Devonport regeneration company Plymouth

156
Q

Sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

157
Q

Cumulative causation

A

Self sustaining ‘snowballing’ economic growth in a place

158
Q

Liveability

A

An assessment of what the overall work life balance in a place feels like

159
Q

Growth pole

A

A location developed explicitly with the intention of stimulating economic development, employment and the improvement of living standards

160
Q

White elephant

A

An investment whose cost far outweighs its usefulness

161
Q

Negative feedback

A

Changes which help restore lost balance after a system has been altered in some way

162
Q

when were UK enterprise zones established

A

1981

163
Q

each enterprise zone was administered by an

A

urban development corporation

164
Q

what do enterprise zones function as

A

growth poles

165
Q

according to centre for cities enterprise zones gained how many jobs in total

A

58000

166
Q

‘zero-sum’ technique

A

one places success came at a cost to another

167
Q

one additional job in each enterprise zone cost the government how much

A

26000

168
Q

what divide has the enterprise zones the isle of dogs caused

A

enormous wealth divide

169
Q

1980s enterprise zones evaluation

A
  • only modest economic gains were made
  • benefits were short term
  • social costs
170
Q

when was the london docklands development corporation wound up

A

1997-98

171
Q

isle of dogs suffered from

A
  • deteriorating housing stock
  • building dereliction and ground pollution
  • out migration
172
Q

the LDDC paved the way for

A
  • Docklands Light railway
  • London City Airport
  • Jubilee Line rail extension
  • Canary Wharf station
173
Q

what did isle become the biggest for in London

A

2012- biggest urban employment zone in London for banking and financial services

174
Q

6 biggest banks in the UK employ how many in a cluster around canary wharf station

A

50000

175
Q

how much made of private investment made for every pound of public money spent

A

£10

176
Q

in 1985 what did community groups organise

A

a flotilla called ‘Docklands Fight Back’

177
Q

isle of dogs main changes to housing

A

20000 new homes

178
Q

2011-17 what areas were prioritised

A

areas with strong medium term growth prospects were prioritised
- greatest chance of success

179
Q

2012-15 new enterprise zones attracted how much in private investment

A

£2 billion

180
Q

when did central birmingham become an enterprise zone

A

2011

181
Q

how much was spent in central birmingham on upgrading city infrastructure, broadband and office space

A

£125 million

182
Q

when was it announced that birmingham would host the 2022 commonwealth Games

A

2017

183
Q
A
184
Q

how many primary urban areas in the Uk 2014

A

64x

185
Q

how many large metropolitan areas were there in the Uk 2014

A

6x

186
Q

how many twins and cities were there with more than 125000 people in the uk 2014

A

56x

187
Q

physical factors of urban form

A

wet point site
dry point site
gap towns
resources
aspect
good farmland
hill top location
natural harbour

188
Q

human factors of urban form

A

trading centres
government policy

189
Q

in highly developed countries why is the current trend in urban planning

A

ro create sustainable environments

190
Q

pre- industrial cities

A

largely unaffected by industrial developments
retained much of their urban layout
characteristic elite groups locate in the centre surrounded by the lower socio economic groups

e.g. Bath

191
Q

Modern or industrial cities

A

similar activities and similar people group together
homogeneous areas
dominated by particular land use or social group

e.g. Chicago

192
Q

post industrial cities

A

urban mosaic
smaller zones

e.g. Milton Keynes

193
Q

public transport orientated cities and motor based cities

A

pot- integrated approach towards planning
mbo- onset of mass motorisation from 1950s helped increase rates of suburbanisation

e.g. Detroit

194
Q

African cities

A

grown from colonial settlements
not experienced the same industrialisation
lacking resources and control
sometimes unplanned and chaotic

e.g. Cape Town

195
Q

socialist cities

A

followed principle of a classless city
everyone should live in the same type of housing block
large and administrative city centre
political centre rather than commercial centre

e.g. Prague

196
Q

what did Los angeles grow out of

A

the gold rush of northern california in the mid 19th century
when it became ‘queen of the cows counties’
largely white and middle class moved to LA

197
Q

Los angeles land use

A

vision clean, orderly and organised
suburbanisation- increased car ownership (wealthy)
modern urban sprawl
greater LA 88 cities of low density housing

198
Q

LA economic inequality

A

businesses and services followed to suburbs
downtown la suffered economically - ‘donut city’ headquarters of TNCs offer few employment to lower skilled
other employers moved to exurbs or edge cities

199
Q

LA cultural diversity

A

mexican hispanic people largest of many ethnic groups
distinctive ethnic enclaves
left behind by the flight to the suburbs

200
Q

Mumbai land use

A

one of the most crowded cities in the world
shopping areas meet needs of the growing middle class
high tech industries
half population live on streets or in bustees

201
Q

Mumbai economic inequality

A

city of contrasts
huge numbers live in poverty
not much investment in urban infrastructure
daily life is difficult and full of risks

202
Q

Mumbai cultural diversity

A

each day 1000 new migrants
several languages spoken
many faiths practiced
host of festivals celebrated

203
Q

gentrification

A

buying and renovating of properties often in more rundown areas by wealthier individuals

204
Q

reasons for gentrification

A

the rent gap
commuting costs
the pioneer image
the support of government and local decision makers
changing composition of households

205
Q

Brixton location

A

district in South London borough of Lambeth

206
Q

when did the windrush generation arrive in Britain

A

22nd June 1948

207
Q

Windrush generation Brixton

A

went to Labour Exchange in Brixton to find work
buildings in decline became home to carribbean migrants
white residents left the area
markets in Brixton expanded and diversified
more multi ethnic population

208
Q

what does Brixton seek to preserve, colect and share

A

the histories of people of African and Caribbean descent in the UK

209
Q

when was the Brixton Uprising and why

A

1981 - violent protests, lasted 3 days and saw clashes bettween the black youth of metropolitan police

2/3 unemployed were black
18000 housing waiting list
1/3 housing sub standard
high robbery rate

210
Q

what is Brixton home to

A

Black history, Black communities and Black establishments

211
Q

post modern city

A

an urban form associated with changes in urban structure, architectural design and planning and reflects the changed societal and economic conditions of the late 20th century

212
Q

changes associated with urban form

A

urban structure
urban architecture and landscape
urban government
urban economy
planning
culture and race

213
Q
A
214
Q

cultural diversity

A

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society

215
Q

diaspora

A

a group of people which a similar heritage or homeland ho have settled elsewhere in the world

216
Q

economic inequality

A

the difference between levels of living standards, income etc across the whole economic distribution

217
Q

social segregation

A

when groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, religion or age

218
Q

urban social exclusion

A

economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

219
Q

3 main reasons for social segregation of poor and wealthy

A

housing
changing environments
ethnicity

220
Q

when was the ‘right to buy’ legislation

A

1980s

221
Q

urban social exclusion

A

refers to the problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

222
Q

what can inequality cause in a city

A

lack of social cohesion
civil unrest

223
Q

living wage 2016

A

fair representation of what someone should be paid

224
Q

tackling poverty and inequality in cities

A
  • enforcing living wage or providing an urban subsidy
  • provision of schools
  • supporting low skill workers who want to develop their abilities
  • access to affordable housing
  • greater provision of public transport
  • enforce minimum environmental standards
225
Q

Southampton cultural diversity

A

more than 10% of the population are now polish
polish supermarkets to cater

226
Q

cultural diversity benefits in urban society

A

greater exposer to different foods, music, language and religion

227
Q

what can cultural diversity put pressure on

A

already stretched urban services

228
Q

term ghetto

A

used to describe an area of a city where the population is almost exclusively made up of an ethnic or cultural minority

229
Q

policy of interculturalism

A

to tackle the negative issues associated with ethnic segregation
emphasises interaction and the exchange of ideas between different cultural groups

230
Q

Uk legislation on anti racism

A

employment rights and opportunities to combat discrimination, prejudice and racism

231
Q

how many languages are spoken in London

A

more than 300 languages

232
Q

what type if migration occurred in the UK after the second world war

A

economic migration

233
Q

strategies to manage inequalities in London

A
  • 4 year affordable homes building scheme homes for 250000
  • increasing london living wage by more than 5 %
  • developing ‘ London enriched’
  • introducing ‘team london’
234
Q

what year did the windrush generation arrive in England

A

1948

235
Q

what are the 5 most divided London borough’s

A

Haringey, Tower Hamlets, Southwark, Kensington and Chelsea

236
Q

what is the range of hourly salaries in London on average

A

£12 to £41 per hour

237
Q

how many londoners were living in temporary housing in 2015

A

48000

238
Q

arguments for inequality

A
  • trickle down effect
  • rewards hard work/ the incentive effect
  • rewards risk and investment
  • fairness
239
Q

arguments against inequality

A
  • unfair
  • monopsony
  • social friction
  • unemployment
  • homelessness
  • poverty
240
Q

Dharavi slum location

A

central Mumbai

241
Q

Dharavi micro industries

A

garment makers, tanners, welders and potters
produce over $650 million annually

242
Q

how many people per square km in Dharavi

A

300,000

243
Q

why is Dharavi a key target for developers

A

due to northward expansion of the city Dharavi is occupying prime land

244
Q

what’s the % of people who have a job in the slum

A

85%

245
Q

albedo

A

the reflectivity of a surface
ratio between the amount of incoming insolation and the amount of energy reflected back into the atmosphere
light surfaces have a greater albedo

246
Q

microclimate

A

the small scale variations in temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and evaporation that occur is a particular environment or an urban area

247
Q

particulate air pollution

A

caused by the release of particles and noxious gases into the atmosphere
largely caused by combustion of fossil fuels

248
Q

photochemical air pollution

A

occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerous to health
exhaust fumes trapped by temp inversions in sunlight
associated with high pressure weather systems

249
Q

temperature inversion

A

an atmospheric condition in which temp increases with height
they trap pollution in the lower levels of the atmosphere

250
Q

urban heat island

A

the zone around and above an urban area which has higher temp than surrounding rural areas

251
Q

two levels in urban climatic dome

A

urban canopy
urban boundary

252
Q

do urban areas have higher or lower albedo than rural areas

A

lower albedo
heat is absorbed
much of the heat is stored
and released overnight
positive feedback cycle

253
Q

water in urban areas

A

less vegetation so evaporisation
water falling is disposed of quickly
humidity is reduced
less heat energy lost in evaporating it

254
Q

buildings leak heat

A

poor insulation
air conditioners pump hot air outside

255
Q

what % of the UKs total emissions comes from heating homes

A

15%

256
Q

what does air pollution from industries and vehicles increase

A

increases cloud cover and creates a pollution dome

257
Q

concerns with the UHI from research in London

A

health issues
higher pollution levels
increase strain on energy for air conditioning
increased water consumption so more strain
increased risk of deterioration of historical monuments

258
Q

strategies for managing the urban heat island

A

cool surfaces
green roofs
urban greening
sky view factor
cool cars

259
Q

convectional rain

A

short lived
lasts 20 mins to an hour
falls over a smaller area with clear spells in between

260
Q

why is rainfall higher in urban areas

A

higher temp
development of lower pressure

261
Q

five reasons for higher precipitaion, thunder and lightning in urban ares

A

UHI
air turbulence
low pressure drawing in air from surrounding rural area
city pollution and dust increase cloud nuclei
increased water vapour

262
Q

what % higher is cloud cover in urban areas than rural areas

A

10%

263
Q

how much more precipitation do urban areas get than rural areas in %

A

5-15%

264
Q

fog

A

higher concentration of condensation nuclei over cities encourages formation
last longer in high pressure conditions
fog increased along with industrialisation

265
Q

how is lightning formed normally

A

build up of electrical charge as hail and smaller ice particles collide within a cumulonimbus storm cloud
giant spark

266
Q
A
267
Q

urban thunder

A

develop in hot humid air
violent and heavy precipitation
produced by convectional uplift

268
Q

in % urban areas experience how many more thunderstorms then non urban areas

A

25%

269
Q

urban canyons

A

relatively narrow streets bordered by high rise buildings funnelling and so concentrating winds

270
Q

venturi effect

A

a particularly violent form of gusting caused in particularly narrow gaps by air rushing to replace low pressure vortices beyond structures

271
Q

three effects buildings have on winds

A

exert a powerful frictional drag which creates turbulence giving rapid and abrupt changes in both wind direction and speed
high rise buildings may slow air movement and channel air into canyons between them- buildings sway and wind knocks pedestrians off their feet
on calm clear nights convectional processes can draw in strong localised winds

272
Q

carbon monoxide

A

road transport 90% of emissions
affects the transport of oxygen around the body by the blood

273
Q

nitrogen dioxide

A

road transport 50% of emissions
can inflame the lining of the lung
can also cause accelerated weathering of buildings and acid rain

274
Q

particles or particulate matter

A

power stations and vehicle exhausts
can settle in airway and deep in the lungs causing health issues

275
Q

sulphur dioxide

A

coil and oil burning
short term exposure may cause coughing, tightening of chest and narrowing of the airways
can also produce haze, acid rain, damage to plants and corrosion of buildings

276
Q

what mixture produces smog

A

fog and smoke

277
Q

anti cyclones

A

areas of high pressure where descending air piles up on the surface
last for many days even weeks

geography (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions