culture, socialisation and identity Flashcards
General
- summarised
- general (4)
- terms (21)
Summarised: globalisation has its pros/cons; more connection, but at the cost of cultural diversity; due to globalisation influencing rapid societal evolution, those without internet are at a great disadvantage; privacy and freedom could be at stake due to globalisation also.
General (4):
- Sociology > study of society and institutions; observes structures, who they operate for, effects they have; focused on crime, divorce, poverty, inequality
- Sociologists research, use theories, data, explore ‘social world’
values: beliefs/ideas accepted as important by society/majority (e.g. respect, knowledge, conformity)
norms: ‘expected patterns of behaviour’ based on values of culture (e.g. punctuality, formality, etiquette)
- ^ vary depending on culture, era and geological influence (regional, ethnic) > are ‘relative’
- Mead (1935): Samoa and New Guinea indigenous cultures (differing gender socialisation - Arapesh, Mundugumor, Tchambuli)
Terms (21):
- Institutions, inequality, theories, concepts, data, social world, culture, beliefs, values, norms, socialisation, primary and secondary socialisation, agents of socialisation, diversity, relative, deviance, intercultural (between cultures), intracultural (within cultures), subculture (‘culture within a culture’), cultural hybridity (‘cross between two or more things)
Culture
- general (4)
- terms (14)
General (4):
high: ‘cultured’, higher social class, dictates hierarchy of culture and trickle-down ‘trends’
pop: mass/majority culture, middle and lower class; argued brainwashing masses; media
- ^gradually breaking down as culture merge (globalisation)
- contrasts: amazonian indigenous untouched tribes vs multicultural cities
consumer: globalisation, increasing access/awareness of goods and services, ‘conspicuous consumption’, media encouraging consumer/maximalist culture
global: ‘universal’, loss of cultural distinctiveness, instead global culture; risks of cultural domination/marginalisation
- McLuhan (1964) ‘global village’ emergence driven by industries/multinational companies
Terms (14):
- high/popular/consumer/global culture, globalisation, learned x (norms, socialisation, etc), nature/nurture debate, positive/negative sanctions, hierarchy, status, formal/informal/hidden curriculum, positive/negative behavioural reinforcement, self-concept, self-identity, social/personal identity, fixed vs fluid identity construction
Socialisation
- general (5)
- socs (8)
- terms (20)
General (5):
- socialised into norms/values of society via primary and secondary socialisation
- primary: 0-5, intimate/prolonged exposure to family; imitation, positive/negative sanctions, deviance
- secondary: 5-18, peer groups (hierarchy, status, leaders/followers), education (formal/informal/hidden curriculum), media (socialisation, standards, expectations), religion (historical influence), workplace (positive/negative sanctions)
- social control: agencies of socialisation are mechanisms of social control, positive/negative reinforcement; can be overt/explicit or covert/subtle (e.g. military style tactics, ‘kettling’, police warnings, work dismissals, school exclusion, court sentences, or negative reactions/ostracism/ignoring)
- nature/nurture: debated on which influences more: Twin studies (separated, reunited, similarities), Isabel chicken girl (socialised by chickens), wolf children Kamala and Amala (socialised by wolves), Oxana (abused, socialised by dogs, questioned), Bruce Reimer (transition without consent, suicide, socialised as opposite gender), Genie (lacked socialisation, developed despite this)
Socs (8):
1. Skelton and Francis (2003, primary schools gendered play)
2. Harris (1998, peer groups push/pull and influence)
3. Sewell (2000, ‘cultural comfort zones’, ostracism/exclusion/labelling)
4. Bowles and Gintis (1976, hidden curriculum, ‘giant myth-making machine’, marxism)
5. Mulvey (1975, ‘male gaze’, ‘eyeing up females’)
6. Young (2007, ‘bulimic society’ encouraging ‘get rich or die trying’)
7. Modood and Berthoud (1997, 67% Bangladeshi and Pakistani religion as ‘important’ vs 5% white British)
8. Waddington (1999, socialised to organisation-specific norms/values, ‘canteen culture’)
Terms (20):
- Institutions, inequality, theories, concepts, data, social world, culture, beliefs, values, norms, socialisation, primary and secondary socialisation, agents of socialisation, diversity, relative, deviance, intercultural (between cultures), intracultural (within cultures), subculture (‘culture within a culture’), cultural hybridity (‘cross between two or more things)
Identity - overarching
- general (1)
- terms (13)
General (1):
- self-concept, self-identity, social identity, identity as a product of socialisation, fixed vs fluid identity, key aspects vary for each individual (e.g. sexuality, ethnicity, faith, disability, nationality)
Terms (13):
- high/popular/consumer/global culture, globalisation, learned x (norms, socialisation, etc), nature/nurture debate, positive/negative sanctions, hierarchy, status, formal/informal/hidden curriculum, positive/negative behavioural reinforcement, self-concept, self-identity, social/personal identity, fixed vs fluid identity construction
Ethnic identity
- general (2)
- socs (9)
- socs - protection (7)
- terms (4)
General (2):
- hybrid: ‘cross between two or more things’, can make hybrid dialects and cultures
- e.g. second/third-gen immigrants, e.g. ‘brasian’, ‘blasian’, ‘Jafaican’ speech
Socs (9):
1. Nayak (2003, ‘white wannabes’, black hip hop culture), e.g. ‘Ali G’
2. Phillips (2008, ‘there is evidence of shifting identity dynamics in modern Britain’)
3. Modood (1997, ‘Asian people’ including varying nationalities)
4. Ghumann (1999, second-gen Asians values of duty, family, religious commitment)
5. Gilroy (1993, ‘black atlantic’, shared racist experiences uniting regional differences of blackness)
6. Kendall (2004), Song (1997), Francis and Archer (2005)
7. Hewitt (2005, white backlash against multiculturalism; unfair perception/bias against whiteness, ‘positive discrimination’, ‘have-nots’)
8. Spencer et al. (2007, Eastern European migrants socialise with British very little)
9. Dawney (2008, racism against European migrants arisen from perceived disproportionate threats/fears)
Ethnic identity as a form of protection (7):
1. Cashmore and Troyna (1990, ‘turn inwards’ for self-protection both due to/using ethnicity)
2. James (1993, racism unified culture and identity for UK African-Caribbeans - shared oppositional culture, ‘black’ as racism-resistant term)
3. Jacobson (1997, Pakistani identify with Islam strongly due to social exclusion)
4. Modood (1997, responses differ for generations, globalisation/multiculturalism changing gens’ identification with their culture of origin)
5. Back (1996, ethnographic of London council estates, found ‘cultural hybridity’, ‘neighbourhood nationalism’, solidarity)
6. Brah (1996, cultural code-switchers, multiculturalism and new generations lessen cultural boundaries)
7. Butler (1995), Johal (1998), Burdsey (2004)
Terms (4):
- hybrid identity, cultural homogeneity, cultural code-switchers, ‘world citizens’ (postmodernists)
Nationality and identity
- general (3)
- socs (7)
- terms (4)
General (3):
- wider scope; UK: historical subjugation leads Wales, Scotland, Ireland to seek independence culturally
- issues of devolution, economic crises and increasing immigration tensens sense of ‘culture’ and national community, ‘Englishness’ now associated with exclusiveness, conservativism, ‘EDL’ (English Defence League)
- contrastingly argued that opposite is happening, globalisation/media influencing multiculturalism, ‘citizens of the world’
Socs (7):
1. Anderson (1983, national identity socially constructed via symbols; post-printing technology ands mass circulation, easier to do - a ‘national language’)
2. Kumar (2003, ‘missionary nationalism’, imperialism created an ‘elusive’ national identity; ‘to expand britishness, this may have diluted englishness’)
3. Sardar (2002, global identity crisis, ‘english’ culture unsure whether european or american, needs to accept multiculturalism)
4. 2014 Scottish independence vote
5. Howe (2000, white nationalism makes Englishness exclusive and ‘white’)
6. Hall (1991, cultural homogenisation - accept global culture, cultural hybridity - mix, cultural resistance - resist global culture)
7. Halsey (2000, difficult to pinpoint ‘britishness’ due to history, and now americanisation)
Terms (4):
- hybrid identity, cultural homogeneity, cultural code-switchers, ‘world citizens’ (postmodernists)
Gender and identity
- general (2)
- bio/trad
- terms (6)
General (2):
- gender fluid/relative/changing (socially constructed, reinforced by patriarchy and male-dominated agencies of socialisation), but argued fixed/biologically-determined; ‘femininity’/’masculinity’
- links to nature/nurture - development of modern society changes gender norms and values
Biological view:
- Wilson (1975, mend ‘spreading the seed’, women ‘faithful’ biologically determined)
Functinoalist view:
- Parsons (1955, women ‘expressive’ role, men ‘instrumental’, this functional for society)
Terms (6):
- biologically determined’, hypermasculinity (Mac and Ghaill), breadwinner/housewife/caregiver/domestic/career roles, lads/ladettes, hegemonic/subordinate/marginalised masculinity, ‘crisis of masculinity’ (Max and Ghaill)
Feminism and identity
- general (1)
- socs (10)
- terms (14)
General (1):
- roles socialised via patriarchal, misogynistic agents of socialisation; gender socially constructed
Socs (10):
1. Hey (1997, teen girl friend groups heavily determined by patriarchal influence, in turn socialising girls from that foundation)
2. Mac and Ghaill (1994, ‘hyper-masculinity’, ‘3Fs’)
3. Oakley (1981, gender roles socially constructed and reinforced via: manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation, different activities)
4. Organisations combating sexism (‘Run Like a Girl’, ‘Ban Bossy’)
5. Jackson (2006, found ‘ladettes’ emerging from fear of social exclusion)
6. Descombe (2001, ladette culture to actively rebel against cliches of ‘women’)
Men:
7. Connell (1995, variety of masculinities in modern era, specifically hegemonic (macho, dominant, breadwinner), subordinate (homosexual), marginalised (unemployed) masculinity)
8. Mac and Ghaill (1994, ‘crisis of masculinity’ decline of working class male dominated spheres, loss of ‘masculinity’ and belonging)
9. Canaan (1996, working class men in Wolverhampton, felt emasculated due to unemployment)
10. Faludi (1993, ‘spur posse’, crisis of masculinity leading to hyper aggression and ‘macho’ behaviour as a last source of power)
Terms (14):
- self-concept, self-identity, social/personal identity, fixed vs fluid identity construction, hybrid identity, cultural homogeneity, cultural code-switchers, ‘world citizens’ (postmodernists), ‘biologically determined’, hypermasculinity (Mac and Ghaill), breadwinner/housewife/caregiver/domestic/career roles, lads/ladettes, hegemonic/subordinate/marginalised masculinity, ‘crisis of masculinity’ (Max and Ghaill)
Social class and identity
- general (2)
- socs (9)
- terms (7)
General (2):
- defines by sharing similar economic/social situation; class identity as a product of socialisation and cultural characteristics; argued society is ‘class-free’ by some, highly restricted by others
- upper/middle (professional/managerial/uni-educated)/lower (‘salt of the earth’) + under (problematic term, NEETs, Shameless, Benefits Street)/super rich (achieved over ascribed status) classes
Socs (9):
1. Bourdieu (1984, social/cultural/economic capital, bourgeoisie/proletariat)
2. Mooney (2004, upper classes’ invisibility and ‘social closure’ operating)
3. Fox (2004, upper/middle/lower ‘middles’, public vs private sector professionals)
4. Hutton (1995, trade union membership and manufacturing sector decline has eroded working class identity)
5. Skeggs (1997, working class women pursued ‘respectability’ due to judgement and dismissal from higher classes)
6. Murray (1984, ‘underclass’ dependents, greedy, lazy, living on benefits)
7. Pakulski and Waters (1996, identities constructed by consumption over production like the past, full-time work not unifying classes anymore)
8. Savage et al (2001, class paradox - important structural force, yet weak murky identities and definitions)
9. Child Poverty Commission (2014, those attending fee-paying schools make 7% general population)
Terms (7):
- Status, upper/middle/lower/under/super rich class, social/cultural/economic capital, bourgeoisie/proletariat, social closure, upper class invisibility (Mooney), class ‘paradox’ (Savage)
Sexuality and identity
- general (2)
- socs (9)
- terms (9)
General:
- sex/sexuality contrasting views, women objectified and oversexualised
- homosexuality/LGBTQ+ varying support (Uganda, Singapore still illegal)
Socs (9):
1. Quinn (2001, same-sex relationships vary; Native American ‘Berdache’, African ‘boy-wives’)
2. Kinsey Reports (1948, US 37% had homosexual experience when homosexuality legally a ‘mental illness’)
3. Weeks (1987, sexuality and labels demonstrate identity, not just sexual preference)
4. McIntosh (1996, homosexual expectations reinforce stereotypes for openly gay men, vs ‘straight’-looking closeted gay men)
5. Weeks (1991, ‘sexual identification is a strange thing’; sexuality is fluid, and can be both separated and interwoven into identity if necessary)
6. Reiss (1961,** ‘rent boys’ heterosexual, but perform homosexual acts)
7. Rich (1980, women’s sexuality oppressed in society, ‘compulsory heterosexuality’; lesbianism unlike homosexuality, rooted in empowerment and self-actualisation)
8. Equality Act (2010, unlawful to discriminate** on the grounds of sexuality)
9. Same-sex marriage legalised (2014, 6,000 civil partnerships take place annually in the UK)
Terms (9):
- compulsory heterosexuality, socialisation, social conditioning, gendered play, gendered norms, patriarchy, misogyny, sexism, sexuality fluid/changing
Age and identity
- general
- stages (5)
- socs (6)
- terms (9)
General:
- life stages/course, inequality/discrimination/power loss
- postmodernists> societal view changing, age is fluid and can be an agent of choice
Childhood:
- socially constructed, new concept (mid-19thC onwards), delinquent vs shocking stereotypes
Youth:
- 12-25, rebellion/resistance
Young adulthood:
- career/family, independence, home-owning
Middle age:
- 40s-50s, most power socially
Old age:
- synonymous with degeneration, ‘ugliness’, social invisibility and exclusion, growing dependency on others, infantilisation
Socs (6):
1. Postman (1982, innocent child concept created to protect children, but slowly disappearing again due to media and visual content/culture)
2. Mead (1928,** ‘storm and stress’ not universal)
3. Bradley (1996, conflicting time of middle age: most power, but midlife crises, faced with ageing, ‘empty nest’)
4. Corner (1999, elderly’s self-perception as a ‘burden’, elderly age signifying ill-health and dependency)
5. Hockey and James (1993, ‘specialist places’ for children, and elderly become infantilised again, losing ‘personhood**’ status, creates a self-fulfilling prophecy)
6. Featherstone and Hepworth (2005, media and social change may be changing perspectives on age - e.g. elderly tiktokers, retro trends, comeback tours)
Terms:
- Life stages/course, delinquent vs shocking, infantilisation, status, ‘personhood’ status, rebellion/resistance, fluidity/changing identity, autonomy and social agency, self-fulfilling prophecy
Disability and identity
- general
- M/S
- socs: 6
- terms: 9
General:
- contrasting views, discrimination but growing awareness
- controlled, yet unsupported > worsens victim mentality, self-fulfilling prophecies, learned helplessness, master status
Medical model: victim-blames, barriers over development
Social model inclusion, development, society as disabling factor, evolving views, ‘differently able’
Socs (6):
1. Shakespeare (1996, disabled socialised into victim mentality, self-fulfilling prophecy)
2. Shakespeare (1999, struggle to create a strong shared identity, due to varying disabilities and lower/higher function)
3. Scope (less than a fifth of disabled people are congenital; disabilities varied, necessitate different levels of response)
4. Gill (1997, polio survivor highlights drastic difference in treatment pre vs post disability)
5. Zola (1982, ableism in language reinforces discrimination, ‘dis-abled, ‘de-formed’, ‘ab-normal’)
6. Murugami (2009, society to blame over individual’s impairment; identity not dependent on disability)
Terms:
- medical/social model, self-fulfilling prophecy, differently abled, socially constructed, ableism, lower/higher function, stigma, master status, learned helplessness
