CVP Unit 3

Question 1

The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart is called?

Answer 1

Cardiac output

Question 2

CO=VR also CO=SVxHR Stands for?

Answer 2

CO- cardiac output= venous return VR CO- cardiac output= stroke volume SVx heart rate HR

Question 3

The quantity of blood flowing from the veins in the right atrium is called

Answer 3

Venous return

Question 4

CO= equals?

Answer 4

VR venous return

Question 5

What are the factors that influence the VR?

Answer 5

Body metabolism Age Body size Gender

Question 6

How does body metabolism influence VR and CO?

Answer 6

Local flow and autoregulation

Question 7

VR is the summation of all local _____?

Answer 7

Blood flows

Question 8

How does gender influence VR?

Answer 8

Men- resting heart rate is 5.6l/m Women 4.9l/m Average 5l/m

Question 9

Factors affecting HR include-

Answer 9

Autonomic innervation Hormones Fitness level Age

Question 10

Factors affecting SV include?

Answer 10

Heart size- hypertrophy Fitness Gender Contractility Duration of contractions Preload and afterload

Question 11

The cardiac index rises rapidly at what age?

Answer 11

10

Question 12

What does the declining of the cardiac index indicate?

Answer 12

That cardiac output is regulated by metabolic activity- decline is indicative of the declining activity- muscle mass and age.

Question 13

The CO will match the VR through the use of which mechanisms?

Answer 13

Frank Starlings mechanism Bainbridge reflex SA node stretch

Question 14

When increased quantities of blood flow into the heart, the increase blood stretches the walls of the heart chambers- as a result of the stretch the cardiac muscle contract with increased force- this action empties the extra blood that has entered the systemic circulation- this describes the?

Answer 14

Frank starlings mechanism

Question 15

The stretch of the heart also causes the heart to pump faster causing increased heart rate/ contraction- this has an affect of the rhythmicity of the node to increase heart rate. This is called?

Answer 15

SA node stretch

Question 16

The stretch on the right atrium initiates a nervous reflex called _________- this passes to the vasomoter of the brain, then back to the heart by __________nerves and vagis to increase the heart rate.

Answer 16

BainBridge reflex Sympathetic nerves

Question 17

In bainbridge reflex what happens to myosin and actin?

Answer 17

The are brought to a more nearly optimal degree of overlap for force generation.

Question 18

How are the limits of the heart expressed?

Answer 18

Cardiac output curves

Question 19

Define cardiac output curves- how does it effect VR?

Answer 19

They demonstrate the effectiveness of cardiac function at different levels of right atrial pressure- which reflects venous return.

Question 20

What is considered a normal maximum of cardiac output?

Answer 20

13 L/m 2.5 more than the norm of 5L/m

Question 21

Cardiac output curve above 13L/m is considered?

Answer 21

Hypereffective

Question 22

Cardiac output curve below 13L/m is considered?

Answer 22

Hypoeffective Add photo

Question 23

2 factors that can cause hypereffective cardio output curve.

Answer 23

1. Nervous stimulation 2. Hypertrophy of the heart muscle

Question 24

What is the cause of the nervous heart stimulation?

Answer 24

Combination of sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic inhibition- which does 2 things

Question 25

Regarding nervous stimulation of the heart- the Combination of sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic inhibition- does 2 things to increase the pumping effectiveness of the heart- what are they?

Answer 25

1. Greatly increases the heart rate 2. It increases the strength of heart contraction called CONTRACTILITY

Question 26

any factor that decreases the hearts ability to pump blood causes_________.

Answer 26

Hypoeffective heart

Question 27

1. Hypertension 2. Sympathetic inhibition of nervous excitation 3. Heart pathology 4. Arterial blockage 5. Valve or heart disease 6. Myocarditis 7. Cardia hypoxia Are all factors that decrease the hearts ability to pump blood which is called?

Answer 27

Hypoeffective heart

Question 28

Pathologically high cardiac output is due to factors that decrease the PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE- while increasing the cardiac output- these include?

Answer 28

1. Berberi 2. Arteriovenous fistula 3. Hyperthyroidism 4. Anemia

Question 29

Not enough thiamine B1- lack of this vitamin causes diminished ability of the tissues to use cellular nutrients- and the local blood flow is compromised cause compensatory peripheral vasodilation, so blood is moving quickly causing higher cardiac output sometimes 2x normal.

Answer 29

Beriberi

Question 30

Large amount of blood move from the large artery to the large vein- decreasing the total peripheral resistance and increasing the venous return and cardiac output- Two tubes- an artery and vein connected- could be a defect or fusion or tumor.

Answer 30

Arteriovenous fistula

Question 31

Metabolism of the tissues become greatly increased. O2 usage increases, and vasodilator products are released from the tissues. Total peripheral resistance decreases due to local tissue blood flow control. Therefore the venous return and cardiac output increase to 40 to 80 percent above normal

Answer 31

Hyperthyroidism

Question 32

Two peripheral effects greatly decrease total peripheral resistance. 1. Reduced viscosity results from RBC concentration. 2. Diminished delivery of O2 to the tissue- causing vasodilation and increase CO

Answer 32

Anemia