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WM(B) Bibliography COPY > Cylinder procedure PN376 (new) > Flashcards

Cylinder procedure PN376 (new) Flashcards

Please contact Phil Simpson if you notice any mistakes or have any suggestions.

1
Q

Cylinder procedure

In what forms can gases be stored in cylinders?

A
  • liquefied form (e.g. LPG),
  • compressed gas (e.g. oxygen),
  • dissolved in a solvent in a porous mass (e.g. acetylene)

(Policy 376, 1.3)

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2
Q

Cylinder procedure

When are cylinders at greatest a risk of failure?

A

When subjected to direct flame impingement.

(Policy 376, 2.1)

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3
Q

Cylinder procedure

A heated the steel or aluminium cylinder loses its tensile strength at what temperature?

A

Steel = 300oC

Aluminium = 200 – 250oC

(Policy 376, 2.1)

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4
Q

Cylinder procedure

Why do cylinders ultimately fail?

A

All cylinders ultimately fail because the shell reaches a point where its tensile strength weakens and can no longer contain the internal pressure. In the case of composite cylinders the resin will begin to break down and becomes porous.

(Policy 376, 2.1)

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5
Q

Cylinder procedure

What could ultimately happen to a composite cylinder if subjected to direct flame impingment & how will this become evident?

A

The cylinder may become porous, this will be evident by a substantial increase in the size of the fire as it will be fed by the gas from inside the cylinder.

(Policy 376, 2.2)

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6
Q

Cylinder procedure

Should you move a composite cylinder that has been exposed to direct flame impingement but not yet become porous?

(After fire can be extinguished and the cylinder cooled)

A

The resin may have become weakened to an extent where it may begin to leak when handled. In these situations it is best to leave the cylinder in situ and consult the HMEPO.

(Policy 376, 2.3)

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7
Q

Cylinder procedure

Where would you expect to find composite cylinders being used?

A

Composite cylinders are predominately used for domestic purposes, such as garden barbeques and patio heaters.

(Policy 376, 2.4)

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8
Q

Cylinder procedure

Why do acetylene cylinders pose a greater risk even when the fire has been extinguished ?

A

Acetylene cylinders have the potential to continue self-heating after the cylinder shell has been cooled and consequently require additional actions once the fire has been extinguished and cooling commenced.

(Policy 376, 2.5)

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9
Q

Cylinder procedure

How should a cylinder be treated if its contents cannot be identified?

A

It must be treated as being an acetylene cylinder.

(Policy 376, 2.6)

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10
Q

Cylinder incidents

Hazards inherent in the explosion of acetylene cylinders include?

A
  • fireball of up to 25m
  • cylinders propelled up to 200m
  • fragments projected up to 200m

(Policy 376, 2.7)

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11
Q

Cylinder procedure

How are acetylene cylinder designed to fail?

A

Acetylene cylinders are designed to fail in ductile mode and split along their entire length. However, if a partial split occurs the cylinder itself can be propelled for up to 200m.

(Policy 376, 2.7)

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12
Q

Cylinder procedure

What are the risks posed by the gases within cylinders?

A
  • flammable
  • toxic
  • corrosive
  • asphyxiant

(Policy 376, 2.10)

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13
Q

Cylinder procedure

How should a leaking cylinder be treated (no fire)?

A

Cylinders which are found to be leaking should be treated as a hazardous materials incident.

(Policy 376, 2.10)

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14
Q

Cylinder procedure

What consideration should an IC give en route/arrival when aware of the possibility of the involvement of cylinders?

A
  • A safe route of approach.
  • Siting of appliances.
  • Possibility of acetylene cylinders involved.
  • Use of the initial hazard zone overlay.
  • Surrounding risks that may become involved if a HZ is implemented.
  • Early notification of an RVP.
  • Information received from Brigade Control or locally.

(Policy 376, 3.2)

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15
Q

Cylinder procedure

What considerations should be given to the siting off appliances?

A

Appliances should be parked in a manner which affords them suitable protection from a cylinder should it fail (i.e facing away). ICs should direct appliance drivers to make use of surrounding buildings and structures to protect vehicles.

(Policy 376, 3.3)

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16
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What intial actions should the IC initiate as soon as a cylinder is discovered at a fire (assuming it hasn’t failed)?

A

ICs should make every effort to extinguish any fire affecting the cylinder and apply a cooling spray directly onto any affected cylinders. This will immediately begin to restore the tensile strength of the cylinder and reduce the likelihood of cylinder failure. In the case of composite cylinders the application of the cooling water will prevent further breakdown of the resin.

(Policy 376, 4.1)

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17
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What tactics should you take where a composite cylinder is involved and has failed?

A

Protect the surrounding risks and allow the contents of the cylinder to burn off.

(Policy 376, 4.2)

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18
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Initial crews discovering a cylinder should make every effort to gather what information?

A

to identify the:

  • type
  • contents
  • location
  • number

of any cylinders involved.

(Policy 376, 4.3)

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19
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

How are jets left when crews withdraw?

A

Crews should tie off branches set on cooling spray and then withdraw.

(Policy 376, 4.4)

20
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Where crews are unable to tie off branches, what should the IC consider using?

A

The use of ground monitors.

(Policy 376, 4.4)

21
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What must the IC establish before they can decided it is not necessary to implement a 200m hazard zone?

A
  1. The fire has been extinguished.
  2. The cylinder(s) are definitely not acetylene.
  3. All the cylinder(s) present have been located.
  4. The cylinders involved are receiving direct cooling.

Following a risk assessment, only a cordon around the incident sufficient to maintain a safe system of work (SSOW) is required.

(Policy 376, 4.7)

22
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

After cooling, how can the cylinder(s) be checked to ensure it has returned to ambient temperature?

A

The cylinder(s) should be checked with a TIC.

(Policy 376, 4.8)

23
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

After cooling, a message needs to be sent to Brigade Control. What detail is required?

A

The IC should then send a message stating the highest temperature recorded and tactical mode. Where a HZ still exists (acetylene or unidentified cylinders) this should be included in the message.

(Policy 376, 4.8)

24
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Can a cylinder(s) that have not been involved in the initial fire, but are at risk of becoming involved, be removed to a place of safety?

A

Yes.

(Policy 376, 4.9)

25
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What are the visual indicators that a cylinder has not been involved?

A
  • Paper labels and plastic rings are intact.
  • The paintwork has not been blackened or blistered.
  • The supply hose pipes are undamaged.

(Policy 376, 4.9)

26
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Will signs of smoke contamination indicate that a cylinder may have been exposed to heating?

A

This alone is not an indication that they may have been heated.

(Policy 376, 4.9)

27
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

If the IC is unable to confirm all the following:

  1. The fire has been extinguished.
  2. The cylinder(s) are definitely not acetylene.
  3. All the cylinder(s) present have been located.
  4. The cylinders involved are receiving direct cooling.

What must their course of action?

A

If the IC is unable to determine all of the four factors then the cylinder procedure must be implemented.

(Policy 376, 4.10)

28
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

If the IC is unable to confirm whether:

  1. The fire has been extinguished.
  2. All the cylinder(s) present have been located.
  3. The cylinders involved are receiving direct cooling.

but can confirm the cylinder(s) are definitely not acetylene. What should they consider when deciding to implement a hazard zone?

A

Consider implementing a HZ of 200m. However, the IC should consider the time to implement this in conjunction with the time taken to cool a non-acetylene cylinder.

(Policy 376. 4.11)

29
Q

Cylinder incidents

Any crew working within the initial hazard zone must be wearing?

A

Firefighting PPE (fire kit, fire hood, gloves).

Note: Where crews are working within 25m of a heated cylinder BA should also be worn.

(Policy 376, 4.12)

30
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What detail is required in informative messages from cylinder incidents?

A
  • actions taken.
  • number of evacuees.
  • HZ size and road closures.
  • RVP.
  • tactical mode

(Policy 376, 4.13)

31
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

When can the HZ be removed from a cylinder (non acetylene) incident?

A

Once the fire has been extinguished, crews should continue to cool the cylinder(s) until it is returned to ambient temperature as assessed with a TIC and checked to establish that the cylinder is not leaking; the HZ (if implemented) can then be removed.

(Policy 376, 4.14)

32
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What message detail should the IC send when a HZ is removed?

A

A message stating the highest recorded temperature, hazard zone removed and the tactical mode.

(Policy 376, 4.14)

33
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What should the IC consider about the HZ if the cylinder(s) are suspected/ identified as being acetylene or the contents cannot be determined?

A

The IC should implement a HZ of 200m making use of all substantial cover to reduce the zone where possible.

4.15

34
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What are the visual signs that an acetylene cylinder may have been subject to enough heat to experience decomposition?

A
  • paint blistered
  • labels burnt
  • plastic rings and/or rubber hose melted

Cylinders not showing these signs of heat damage are unlikely to be experiencing decomposition of the cylinder contents.

(Policy 376, 4.17)

35
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Could a cylinder temperature be raised to 300oC by radiated heat?

A

No!

To raise the cylinder temperature to 300oC would require direct flame impingent.

(Policy 376, 4.17)

36
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Could an acetylene cylinder which has been heated above 300oC but have not already failed have the potential to reheat after being cooled for 1 hour?

A

No!

There is no evidence that any acetylene cylinder has ever subsequently failed after receiving substantial cooling (1 hour).

(Policy 376, 4.18)

37
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Could an acetylene cylinder which has been subjected to direct flame impingement be moved if it has been substantially cooled for 1 hour & showing no signs of heat?

A

No!

The cylinder must not be moved at this stage.

(Policy 376, 4.19)

38
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Does the maintenance of the HZ need to be maintained whilst the CAP is taking place even if the cylinder is showing at being at ambient temperature?

A

The maintenance of the HZ will be required whilst the cooling and assessment is being carried out

(Policy 376, 4.20)

39
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

The wetting test in conjunction with a thermal image camera (TIC) is known as?

A

The Cylinder Assessment Process (CAP)

(Policy 376, 4.21)

40
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What would indicate that decomposition were taking place in an acetylene cylinder during a CAP?

A

If decomposition were taking place the heat given off by the reaction would warm the cylinder shell above ambient temperature and/or by the presence of a hot spot on the acetylene cylinder wall.

(Policy 376, 4.21)

41
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What actions should the IC take if an acetylene cylinder fails the CAP?

A

A further 1 hour cooling should be applied; the cylinder should be reassessed using the CAP (repeat the cooling and assessment process until the cylinder passes the CAP).

(Policy 376, 4.22)

42
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

When should responsibility of a cylinder be handed back to the owner/occupier?

A

When the CAP has been passed the cylinder is at no further risk of failure, they should be advised to contact the cylinder company using the Competent Person (CP) scheme. A cylinder handover form should be completed.

(Policy 376, 4.22)

43
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Explain the Cylinder Assessment Process (CAP)?

A
  1. Stop the application of cooling water after one hour
  2. Monitor the cylinder with a TIC & record temp
  3. Observe for any violent steaming* or rapid drying out of the cylinder surface.
  4. Leave cooling water off for 15 minutes.
  5. Apply a momentary spray of water to the cylinder then shut off.
    ​

Repeat 4 times (a total of 1 hour).

(Policy 376, 4.23)

44
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Can you HZ be reduced before the CAP is successfully completed?

A

It may be possible to reduce the HZ after the first successful test in the CAP process. But this should only done on the advice of an HMEPO & following a risk assessment. It is only be done to allow for urgent fire service operations to be carried out and the remainder of the CAP tests must still be completed.

(Policy 376, 4.23)

45
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

What is ‘air cooling’?

A

Air cooling means that a cylinder is left to recover from being heated by cooling naturally. The air-cooling should be applied to the cylinder for an hour as with water cooling.

(Policy 376, 4.23)

46
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

When should you consider ‘air cooling’?

A

In a situation where water cooling will have a detrimental effect on the incident.

This decision should only be taken in consultation with the HMEPO.

(Policy 376, 4.24)

47
Q

Cylinder procedure (new)

Does the presence of a hot spot indicate that an acetylene cylinder is at immediate risk of failure?

A

No

The presence of a hotspot only indicates that the CAP has failed. it does not imply that the cylinder is at immediate risk of failure

(Policy 376, 4.26)

WM(B) Bibliography COPY (30 decks)

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