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Immuno > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

What cytokines initiate B cell development in the bone marrow after contact w/ stromal cells (fibroblasts)?

A

IL-1 IL-6 IL-7

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2
Q

What do plasmacytoid DCs produce in response to viral infection after recognition of nucleic acids?

A

IFN-alpha/beta (potent anti viral activities)

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3
Q

Distribution and ligand for P-selectin (CD62P)

A

Dist: endothelium activated by histamine or thrombin
Ligand: Sialyl Lewis X on PSGL-1 and other glycoproteins; neutrophils, monocytes, T cells

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4
Q

Distribution and Ligand for E-selectin (CD62E)

A

Distribution: endothelium activated by cytokines (TNF IL-1)
Ligand: Sialyl Lewis X (CLA-1) on glycoproteins; neutrophils, monocytes, T cells

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5
Q

Distribution and ligand for L-selectin (CD62L)

A

Distribution: neutrophils, monocytes, T cells and B cells
Ligand: Sialyl Lewis X/PNAd on GlyCAM-1, CD34, MadCAM-1, other; endothelium (HEV)

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6
Q

What do tissue Macrophages produce in response to infection?

A

IL-1 and TNF

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7
Q

LFA-1 expressed by leukocytes bind what ligand Expressed on endothelial cells?

A

ICAM-1 (CD54) and ICAM-2 (CD102)

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8
Q

VLA-4 expressed on leukocytes bund what on endothelial cells?

A

VCAM-1 (CD106)

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9
Q

Alpha4beta7 expressed on leukocytes bind what on endothelial cells?

A

VCAM-1 (CD106) and MadCAM-1

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10
Q

Role of TNF and IL-1 produced by activated resident macrophages

A

Induce rapid induction of expression of pre-formed P selection on surface of endothelial cells

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11
Q

Cytokine expressed on endothelial cells recognized by receptors on neutrophils during homing

A

IL-8 (CXSL8) (neutrophil recruitment)

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12
Q

What cytokine controls transmigration of monocytes?

A

MCP-1 (CCL2) (and mixed leukocyte recruitment)

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13
Q

PNAd

A

L-selection ligands expressed on HEVs

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14
Q

What chemokines are displayed on the surface of HEVs?

A

CCL19 and CCL21

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15
Q

When chemokines bind ______ on lymphocytes, integrins become activated.

A

CCR7

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16
Q

What mediates cell migration into the tissues after effector T cells leave the LN?

A

E or P selectin, integrins and CXCL10

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17
Q

CD44

A

Important for mobilization of effector T cells in sites of infection/inflammation; can mediate rolling interactions w/ vascular endothelial cells that express HA (it’s natural ligand)

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18
Q

Maturing B cells express chemokine receptor ___, which promotes B cell movement into the white pulp in response to chemokine ___

A

CXCR5 CXCL13

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19
Q

In the stroma, B cells migrate into follicles driven by ___ recognized by ____ receptor expressed on naive B cells

A

CXCL13 – CXCR5

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20
Q

What receptors are required on naive B cells to home to chemokines CXCL12 and CCL19/21 on HEV?

A

CXCR4 and CCR7

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21
Q

What is a receptor (found on lymphocytes) involved in homing that all chemokines bind to?

A

GPCRs

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22
Q

TNF, IL-1

A

Inflammation

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23
Q

IFN-alpha/beta

A

Resistance to viral infection

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24
Q

IFN-gamma

A

Macrophage activation

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25
Q

IL-12

A

IFN-gamma production by NK cells and T cells

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26
Q

IL-15

A

Proliferation of NK cells

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27
Q

IL-10, TGF-beta

A

Control of inflammation

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28
Q

Intracellular TLRs

A

3, 7, 8, 9,

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29
Q

Extracellular TLRs

A

1, 2, 4, 5, 6,

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30
Q

TLR-3

A

Recognizes dsRNA (viral): NKs

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31
Q

TLR-7 and TLR-8

A

Both recognize ssRNA (viral)

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32
Q

TLR-9

A

Recognizes CpG DNA (unmethylated)

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33
Q

TLR1 and TLR2

A

Recognize bacteria and LPP

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34
Q

TLR-2 and TLR-6

A

Gram positive bacteria (LPP, LTA) and peptidoglycans (co-receptor = CD36)

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35
Q

TLR 4

A

Gram negative bacteria - LPS

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36
Q

TLR 5

A

Recognizes bacterial flagellin

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37
Q

What cytokine controls the adaptive T cell immune response?

A

IL-12

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38
Q

What do TLR-dependent pathways activate?

A

NF-kB –> transcription of pro-inflammatory genes

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39
Q

What are 3 DAMPs

A

HMGB1 (during necrosis); Uric acid; HSPs

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40
Q

What are the 2 Homologous cytokines formed when caspase-1 cleaves their precursor?

A

IL-1beta and IL-18

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41
Q

IL-1beta and IL-18

A

Pro inflammatory cytokines in their secreted form that drive inflammation (activated through NLRs)

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42
Q

CD36

A

Along w/ SR-A are expressed on macrophages and mediate recognition/phagocytosis of microorganisms; CD36 also functions as co receptor in TLR2/6 recognition

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43
Q

What activates macrophages?

A

CD40 ligand and IFN-gamma

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44
Q

Principle source and targets/ effects of TNF

A

Source: macrophages and T cells
Target: activation of endothelial cells and neutrophils; synthesis of APPs in liver; apoptosis in many cells

45
Q

Principle source and target of IL-1

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, and some epithelial cells
Target: activation of endothelial cells, synthesis of APPs in liver and Th17 differentiation in T cells

46
Q

Principle source and targets of IL-12

A

Source: DCs and macrophages
Target: IFN-gamma production in NK and T cells (increased cytotoxic activity) and Th1 differentiation in T cells

47
Q

Principle source and target or IFN-gamma

A

Source: NK cells and T cells
Target: activation of macrophages and stimulation of some Ab responses

48
Q

Principle source and targets of IFN alpha and beta

A

Source: IFN-alpha: DCs and macrophages
IFN-beta: fibroblasts
Target: antiviral state and increased class I expression in all cells; NK cell activation

49
Q

Principle source and target of IL-10

A 
Source: macrophages, DCs, T cells
Target: inhibition of IL-12 production and reduction of co stimulators and class II in macrophages and DCs
50
Q

principle source and target of IL-6

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T cell
Target: synthesis of APPs in liver and proliferation of plasma cells in B cells

51
Q

Principle source and target for IL-15

A

Source: macrophages
Target: proliferation of NK cells and T cells

52
Q

Principle source and target of IL-18

A

Source: macrophages
Target: synthesis of IFN-gamma in NK and T cells

53
Q

Principle target and source of TGF-beta

A

Source: macrophages and other cell types
Target: inhibition of inflammation; differentiation of Th17 and Treg cells

54
Q

Endothelial cell adhesion for local inflammation is mediated by ____ first and mainly, then by ___.

A

TNF then IL-1

55
Q

What cytokine is the main one to stimulate fever in the brain?

A

IL-1

56
Q

What cytokine is the main one to synthesis APPs in the liver?

A

IL-6

57
Q

Functions of type I interferons (IFN-alpha and beta)

A

Produced by virus-infected cells; their production is triggered in response to intracellular TLR signaling and other sensors of viral RNA; activate JAK-STAT; enhance cells susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing

58
Q

What set of cytokines are required to stimulate an activated B cell to proliferating B cell?

A

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5

59
Q

Cytokine required for B cell to secrete IgG

A

IFN-gamma

60
Q

Cytokine required for B cell to secrete IgA

A

TGF-beta

61
Q

Cytokine required for B cell to secrete IgE

A

IL-4

62
Q

Cytokines required for B cell to secrete IgM

A

Il-2, IL-4, IL-5

63
Q

What Ig is the most abundant in the blood?

A

IgG

64
Q

IgG

A

Immunity to blood borne pathogens; only one that can cross the placenta;

65
Q

Receptor for maternal IgG

A

FCRn

66
Q

IgD

A

Functions as Ag receptor on B cells;

67
Q

What is the first Ab produced?

A

IgM

68
Q

IgM

A

Initially acts as BCR; plays critical role in defense before sufficient quantities of IgG have been synthesized; found mostly in bloodstream; high affinity

69
Q

IgA

A

Present in external secretions (colostrum, milk, saliva); in GI and respiratory tract; defense against microbes at mucosal surfaces;

70
Q

IgE

A

Enhances acute inflammation, protects infection by worms, and important in allergic reactions; binds receptors on mast cells; hypersensitivity syndromes

71
Q

MHC (HLA) class I genes

A

HLA-A, B, C

72
Q

MHC (HLA) Class II genes

A

HLA-DP, DQ, DR

73
Q

What is the relationship b/w IFN-gamma and Class II MHCs?

A

IFN-gamma stimulates class II MHC expression on APCs enhancing activation of CD4+ T cells; (similar effect on class I w/ type 1 IFNs)

74
Q

Class I MHC pathway

A

TAP transporter and ERAP and Ubiquitin

75
Q

Class II MHC pathway

A

CLIP removed peptide from chaperone for recognition by HLA-DM

76
Q

HLA-DM

A

Dissociation of CLIP, prevents degradation; facilitates binding

77
Q

Src family contains. . .

A

C-Src, Lyn, Fyn, and Lck

78
Q

Sky family contains. . .

A

Syk and ZAP-70

79
Q

Tec family contains. . .

A

Tec, Btk, and Itk

80
Q

What do SH2 domains recognize?

A

Phosphotyrosine containing polypeptides

81
Q

What do SH3 domains recognize?

A

Proline-rich stretches in polypeptides

82
Q

What do PH domains recognize?

A

PIP3 or other phosphatidylinositol-derived lipids

83
Q

Adaptors in T cell activation

A

LAT, GADS, SLP-76

84
Q

Adaptor protein for B cells

A

BLNK

85
Q

Inhibitory receptor (w/ ITIMS) found on B cells

A

FcgammaRIIB - also receptor for IgG

86
Q

FcERI

A

Fc receptor for IgE

87
Q

How many signaling chains and ITAMs does the TCR complex have?

A

6 signaling chains 10 ITAMs

88
Q

Co receptor on B cells?

A

CR2/CD21

89
Q

Cytokines for costimulation on T cells

A

CD28-CD80/86 (B7-1/2)

90
Q

Inhibitory analog of CD28

A

CTLA-4 (inhibitor of TCR)

91
Q

What are the inhibitory receptors in B cells?

A

CD22 and FcYRLLB

92
Q

What are the 3 major groups of MAP kinases?

A

ERK, p38 MAP kinases and JNK

93
Q

Signaling molecules for BCR

A

Igalpha(CD79a) and Igbeta (CD79b)

94
Q

B cell co receptors

A

CD21, CD32 and CD19

95
Q

What cytokine is necessary for CD19 expression on the BCR complex?

A

CD81

96
Q

B cell co-receptor complex

A

CD81, CD19, CR2 (CD21)

97
Q

Role of CR2/CD21

A

Enhances activation of B cells; receptor for C3d

98
Q

TAPA-1

A

CD81

99
Q

What cytokine assists the development and differentiation of Th1 cell?

A

IL-12

100
Q

First identified T cell cytokine?

A

IL-2

101
Q

IL-5

A

Activation of eosinophils

102
Q

IL-17

A

Stimulation of acute inflammation

103
Q

IL-22

A

Maintenance of epithelial barrier function

104
Q

What do NK T cells have to presented with?

A

CD1d

105
Q

What can NKT cells recognize?

A

Lipids and glycolipids

106
Q

What do NKT cells produce?

A

IFN-gamma, IL-4 and GM-CSF

107
Q

Dysfunction of deficiency of NKT leads to

A

Autoimmunity, cancers, asthma

108
Q

What set of cytokines play an important role in T cell development when T cells make contact w/ specialized epithelial cells, DCs, and macrophages in the thymus?

A

IL-2 IL-2 IL-6 and IL-7

Immuno (1 decks)

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