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Biology > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cytology?

A

The study of cells.

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2
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A

All living things are made from one or more cells.

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3
Q

Cells only arise from pre-existing cells, there is no such thing as _________ ____________.

A

Spontaneous Generation

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4
Q

Who discovered cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

In what time were cells discovered?

A

1665

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6
Q

Where were cells discovered

A

England

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7
Q

Who improved the lens of a microscope?

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

Cell size is measured in?

A

Micrometers

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9
Q

1 um = ____?

A

one thousandth in micrometers (mm)

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10
Q

Most species of organisms are _________, but there are _________ life forms as well.

A

multi-cellular; uni-cellular

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11
Q

All cells have a ___ __________ and contain DNA, but some cells enclose their DNA in a _______.

A

cell membrane; nucleus

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12
Q

Appeared on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago.

A

Prokaryotes

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13
Q

Appeared on Earth about 1.5 billion years ago.

A

Eukaryotes

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14
Q

Always uni-cellular.

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

May be uni-cellular or multi-cellular.

A

Eukaryotes

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16
Q

Simple in structure (a cell wall with a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm with a circle of DNA and a few ribosomes)

A

Prokaryotes

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17
Q

Complex in structure (a number of organelles, including a nuclear membrane around the DNA, floating in cytoplasm)

A

Eukaryotes

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18
Q

Smaller in size; 1-10 um in size

A

Prokaryotes

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19
Q

Larger in size; 2-100 um in size

A

Eukaryotes

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20
Q

The cells ____ and ____ gives the function of a cell.

A

size and shape

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21
Q

Internal parts of a eukaryotic cells are known as?

A

organelles

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22
Q

Cell (Plasma) Membrane is also known as the ________ _________ of a cell.

A

phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

Lipids are _____________; therefore they don’t dissolve in water (hydrophobic).

A

non-polar

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24
Q

What separates the inside of the cell from its surroundings?

A

Cell membrane

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25
Q

What acts like a fence with gates, controls what enters and exits the cell (semi-permeable).

A

Cell membrane

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26
Q

The cell membrane is considered to be _______ _______ because the lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are in constant motion.

A

fluid mosaic

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27
Q

Cytoplasm is also known as?

A

Cytosol

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28
Q

What is surrounded by the cell membrane, gel-like soup in which organelles float, and where most cellular metabolism (hydrolysis, condensation) occurs

A

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

The cytoplasm is mostly water, but it’s also full of _____, amino acids, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, etc.

A

proteins

30
Q

Tough outer covering is only found in plant (cellulose) and bacterial (peptidoglycan) cells.

A

Cell wall

31
Q

What protects and gives plants a 3-D shape with straight edges?

A

Cell wall

32
Q

What is known as the control center of the cell?

A

Nucleus

33
Q

The nucleoplasm is surrounded by a _______ _______ (or nuclear envelope) which is also a phospholipid bilayer.

A

nuclear membrane

34
Q

mRNA is used in _______ and _______, and moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm via numerous nuclear pores.

A

transcription; translation

35
Q

Darkly stained center which produces ribosomes, which move through the pores and into the cytoplasm to make proteins.

A

Nucleolus

36
Q

The nucleolus is the nucleus of DNA which can take ___ forms.

A

Two

37
Q

(spaghetti) wraps around histones (meatballs) to form chromosomes

A

Chromatin

38
Q

Where is the nucleus located in an animal cell?

A

Middle/center

39
Q

Where is the nucleus located in the plant cell?

A

To the side because of the central vacuole

40
Q

The nucleus is _________ in bacterial cells.

A

non-existent

41
Q

The ER has two main functions, what are they?

A

Production and Transportation

42
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Important in the synthesis of lipids.

43
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Important in the synthesis of proteins.

44
Q

What do Chloroplasts do?

A

Enables plants to make glucose through photosynthesis from CO2 and H2O.

45
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A pigment-therefore plants are green in color.

46
Q

Chloroplasts have a ______ membrane.

A

double

47
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Stack of flat, membrane-bounds vesicles important in modifying and packaging the macromolecule secreted by the ribosomes and the ER for transport elsewhere in the cell or out of the cell (like UPS).

48
Q

Whats exocytosis?

A

vesicles that have been transported out of the cell for use by other cells in a multicellular organism.

49
Q

In the Bakery Analogy, what is the secret recipe kept under lock and key in the nucleus?

A

DNA

50
Q

In the Bakery Analogy, what is the head baker allowed to retrieve the recipe and take it to the ribosome or oven for a baking a protein cake?

A

mRNA

51
Q

In the Bakery Analogy, what frosts the protein cake, while the Golgi Apparatus packages and takes good care of it, and gets it ready for delivery to its final destination?

A

ER

52
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell.

53
Q

The mitochondria changes the energy stored in food into ATP - the energy carrying molecule in all living things. What does ATP stand for?

A

(Adhesion Tri Phosphate)

54
Q

The process of mitochondria changing the energy stored in food into ATP is….?

A

cellular respiration

55
Q

What is the Vacuole?

A

membrane-bound storage sac, which can store food, water or waste products.

56
Q

Animals have a _______?

A

Vacuole

57
Q

Pants have a ______ ________?

A

central vacuole

58
Q

Vacuoles collect…….?

A

water

59
Q

Contractile vacuoles remove water from unicellular organisms to control water content. What is this called?

A

osmoregulation

60
Q

What are the pancake stacks called in chloroplasts?

A

thylakoids

61
Q

What are the pancake stacks, in chloroplasts, called?

A

grana

62
Q

What do Lysosomes do?

A

Break down substances brought in by endocytosis.

63
Q

White blood cells use…. to eat bacteria, they contain numerous of these.

A

lysosomes

64
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Lysosomes recycling and far cell death.

65
Q

What are centrioles?

A

cylinder-shaped, moves to opposite ends of the nucleus to split a replicated chromosome into two daughter cells during mitosis.

66
Q

What are the Microtubules and Microfilaments?

A

Cytoskeleton, help maintain cell shape in animal cells, important in cell motility and movement.

67
Q

What are Flagella and Cilia?

A

Flagella is a long, whip-like tail on some cells, cilia are short hairs on cells, and are usually numerous.

68
Q

Both Flagella and Cilia are used for…?

A

locomotion and for moving food toward a cell.

69
Q

What is Microvilli?

A

Small outward folds of a cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell and are used for absorption and secretion.

70
Q

Microvilli are cells in the human small intestine. True or False?

A

True

71
Q

What is the Mitochondrion?

A

Produces energy, known as ATP, for the cell through a series of chemical reactions.

Biology (2 decks)

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