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Cellular Biology > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

A cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends to the cytoplasm.
Dynamic network of proteins that respond to physiological changes of the cell.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Give support to large volume of cytoplasm
  • Form part of the membrane cell junctions
  • Structure linked to Transport systems –> Control location of organelles and provide machinery for the transport between them
  • Cell migration
  • Responsible for large movements: crawling of cells along a surface contraction of muscle cells changes in cell shape during embryo dvp
  • Participate in cell division: segregation of during cell division
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3
Q

Of what cytoskeleton is made of in eukaryotic cell?

A

Proteins that group to for long filamentous structures

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4
Q

How many structures of proteins is there in cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cell?

A

3, distinguished on

  • diameter
  • type of subunit
  • subunit arrangement
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5
Q

On what is based to distinguish the different type of structures of proteins of cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cell?

A
  • diameter
  • type of subunit
  • subunit arrangement
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6
Q

What is a microtubule? in eukaryotic cell

A

Microtubules (22-25nm) hollow cylinders made of tubuline
It’s a fiber constitutive of cytoskeleton
Cells contain 2 types of microtubule populations.

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7
Q

What is tubulin? in eukaryotic cell

A

Tubulin is a structural protein of microtubules, a major composite of cytoskeleton.

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8
Q

What is a intermediate filaments? In eukaryotic cell

A 
It's a component of cytoskeleton. Fibrous proteins.
Intermediate filaments (10 nm) rope structure
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9
Q

What is microfilament? in eukaryotic cell

A

Microfilaments (5-9nm) 2 stranded helycal polymers of protein actin.

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10
Q

Key functions of cytoskeleton?

A
  • Structure and support
  • Intracellular transport
  • Contractility and motility
  • spatial organization
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11
Q

In which structure intermediate filaments are found?

A

Desmosome

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12
Q

Cell crawling depends on what?

A

Actin polimerization

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13
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

Ropelike structures

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14
Q

Which is the toughest and most durable of the 3 types of cytoskeleton filaments?
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

A

Intermediate filaments

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15
Q 
Which intermediate filament is found in all animal cells?
Neurofilaments
Keratins
Nuclear lamins
Vimentin and vimentin-related filaments
A

Nuclear lamins

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16
Q

Does microtubule, intermediate filaments and microfilaments have the same distribution in the cell?

A

No they have different structure in the cytoskeleton so different distribution in the cell

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17
Q

What is the distribution of microtubule in the cell?

A

Radiate from the centrosome or MTOC microtubule-organizing center.

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18
Q

What is the distribution of microfilaments in the cell?

A

Disperse in the cytosol, but specially concentrated below the plasma membrane (next to the plasma membrane do the turn inside cell)

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19
Q

What is the distribution of intermediate filaments?

A

Crisscross the cytosol forming a framework that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane giving mechanical resistance to the cell

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20
Q

What is the subunit of microfilaments?

A

Actin

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21
Q

What is the structure of microfilament?

A

Strands in double helix

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22
Q

What are the function of microfilament?

A
  • Maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull)
  • Move cells via muscle contraction or cell crawling
  • divide animal cells in 2
  • Move organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi and animals
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23
Q

Is “anchor nucleus and some other organelles” a function of microfilament?

A

No it’s a function of intermediate filament

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24
Q

What is the subunit of intermediate filament?

A

Keratin or vimentin or lamin or others

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25
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filament?

A
  • Maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull)

- Anchor nucleus and some other organelles

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26
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

Fibers wound into thicker cables

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27
Q

What is the subunit of microtubules?

A

Alpha ans Beta tubulin dimers

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28
Q

What is the structure of microtubule?

A

Hollow tube

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29
Q

What are the function of microtubules

A
  • Maintain cell shape by resisting compression (push)
  • Move cells via flagella or cilia
  • Move chromosomes during cell division
  • Assist formation of cell plate during plant cell division
  • move organelles
  • provide tracks for intracellular transport
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30
Q

What is the size of microfilament?

A

7 nm

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31
Q

What is the size intermediate filament?

A

10 nm

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32
Q

What is the size of microtubules?

A

25 nm

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33
Q

Is “maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull)” a function of microtubules?

A

No, it’s a function of intermediate filament and microfilament

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34
Q

Is “divide animal cells in 2” a function of microfilament?

A

Yes

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35
Q

Is “maintain cell shape by resisting compression (push)” a function of intermediate filament?

A

No it’s a function of microtubule

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36
Q

Is “move cell via flagella or cilia” a function of microfilament?

A

No it’s a function of microtubules

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37
Q

Is “move chromosome during cell division” a function of intermediate filaments?

A

No it’s a function of microtubules

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38
Q

Is “move organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi and animals” a function of intermediate filaments?

A

No it’s a function of microfilaments

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39
Q

Is “assit formation of cell plate during plant cell division” a function of microfilaments?

A

No it’s a function of microtubules

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40
Q

Is “provide tracks for intracellular transport” a function of microfilaments?

A

No it’s a function of microtubules

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41
Q

Is “move organelles” a function of microtubule?

A

Yes

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42
Q

Is “ move cells via muscle contraction or cell crawling” a function of microfilaments?

A

Yes

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43
Q

What is the function of the actin in microtubule?

A

None cause there is no actin in microtubule

actin is present in microfilament

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44
Q

What is the function of the actin in microfilaments?

A

Structural support and motility

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45
Q

What is the function of MreB in Intermediate filaments?

A

None cause MreB is not present in intermediate filaments but is in microfilaments

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46
Q

What is the function of MreB in microfilament?

A

Width control (largeur)

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47
Q

What is the function of tubulin (alpha and beta) in microtubules?

A

Structural support, motility , cell polarity

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48
Q

What is the function FtsZ in intermediate filaments?

A

Nothing cause it’s present in microtubule and not in intermediate filaments

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49
Q

True or false, Monomers are weakly bound with NON covalent bonds?

A

True

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50
Q

True or false, Monomers are Strongly bound with NON covalent bonds?

A

False

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51
Q

True or false, Monomers are weakly bound with covalent bonds?

A

False

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52
Q

What is the function of FtsZ in microtubules?

A

Cell division

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53
Q

Is desmin a protein subunit of intermediate filaments?

A

Yes

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54
Q

Is Lamin a protein subunit of microfilament?

A

Fals, it’s a subunit of intermediate filaments

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55
Q

Is keratin a protein subunit of intermediate filaments?

A

Yes

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56
Q

Is vimentin a protein subunit of microtubule?

A

No, it’s a subunit of intermediate filaments

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57
Q

Is vimentin a protein subunit of intermediate filaments?

A

Yes

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58
Q

What is the function of lamins in microtubule?

A

Nothing cause no lamin in microtubule

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59
Q

What is the function of lamins in intermediate filaments?

A

Support for nuclear membrane

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60
Q

What is the function of desmin in intermediate filament?

A

Cell adhesion

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61
Q

What is the function of keratin in intermediate filaments?

A

Cell adhesion

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62
Q

What is the function of vimentin in microfilaments?

A

Nothing cause no viment in microfilament

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63
Q

Does the cytoskeleton filaments require accessory proteins?

A

Yes

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64
Q

What are the accessory proteins used for in the cytoskeleton filaments?

A

Motor proteins
assembly proteins
stabilizing

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65
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

When does it take place?

A

In a cell under division Microtubules form the mitotic spindle
Unstable microtubules form the mitotic spindle

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66
Q

How many phases are there during polymerization of cytoskeleton filament?

A

3 phases
1 lag phase
2 Growth phase
3 steady phase

67
Q

During polymerization of cytoskeleton filament what is the lag phase?

A

Lag phase is the first phase, it’s a limiting step in polymerization
Lag phase : no polymers
Time taken for nucleation of filaments

68
Q

During polymerization of cytoskeleton filament what is the growth phase?

A

Growth phase is the second phase. Rapid elongation.

Growth phase: fast and elongation. Addition of monomers to the end of polymer
Occurs as monomers add to the exposed ends of the growing filament, causing filament elongation.
Depends on the concentration of monomer.

69
Q

During polymerization of cytoskeleton filament what is the steady phase?

A

Steady phase is the third phase.
Steady phase: Gain and loss of monomers in equilibrium
Steady phase = equilibrium phase. Reached when the growth of the polymer due to monomer addition precisely balances the shrinkage of the polymer due to disassembly back to monomers

70
Q

During the lag phase of the polymerization, what is the nucleus?

A

Nucleus: oligomeric aggregate that facilitates the polymerization

71
Q

During the lag phase of the polymerization, what is the nucleation?

A

Nucleation: formation of the aggregate. Depends on the concentration of monomer. Faster when concentration is high.

72
Q

What are the types of microtubules containing in cell?

A

There are 2 types of microtubule populations.
Stable microtubules
Unstable microtubules

73
Q

What is an unstable microtubule?

A

Short live
Dynamic
Form the mitotic spindle
Participate in changes of cell shape and motility

74
Q

Which cells form the mitotic spindle?

A

Unstable microtubules form the mitotic spindle

75
Q

What is a stable microtubule?

A

Long live

Non dynamic

76
Q

Which one has a long live an is non dynamic? Stable microtubules or Unstable microtubules?

A

Stable microtubules : long live and Non dynamic

77
Q

Which one has a short live an is dynamic? Stable microtubules or Unstable microtubules?

A

Unstable microtubules : short live and Dynamic

78
Q

Which one has a long live an is dynamic? Stable microtubules or Unstable microtubules?

A

None

79
Q

Which one has a short live an is non dynamic? Stable microtubules or Unstable microtubules?

A

None

80
Q

What does the stable microtubule form?

A

Stable microtubules form cilia and flagella: extensions of plasma membrane that beat rythmically to permit movement of the cell or propel materials

81
Q

Between stable microtubules and unstable microtubule which one form the mitotic spindle?

A

Unstable microtubules form the mitotic spindle

82
Q

Between stable microtubules and unstable microtubule which one form the cilia and flagella?

A

Stable microtubules form cilia and flagella

83
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Centrioles: Cylindrical array of microtubules usually found in pairs at the center of a centrosome in animal cells. Also found at the base of cilia and flagella, where they are called basal bodies.

84
Q

To which protein of the cytoskeleton does the centriole belong? (Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments)

A

Stable microtubules

85
Q

To which protein of the cytoskeleton does the axon belong? (Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments)

A

Stable microtubule

86
Q

What is a axon?

A

Axons: they present a central microtubule bundle that maintain their structure.

87
Q

What is “marginal band” in erythrocytes and platelets

A

Marginal Band in erythrocytes and platelets: microtubules residing in the periphery of these cells that function during morphogenesis and allow these cells to go through small blood vessels.

88
Q

Where can we find marginal band?

A

In erythrocytes and platelets, they reside in periphery of these cells

89
Q

A polymer of globular tubulin subunits, arranged in a cylindrical tube.
Which one is it between microtubule, microfilament and intermediate filament?

A

Microtubule

90
Q

Tubulin heterodimer = microtubule subunit, true or false?

A

True

91
Q

Tubulin heterodimer = microfilament subunit, true or false?

A

False

92
Q

What is a protofilament?

From which subunit are they made? How is it assembly?

A

Protofilament is an assembly of tubulin subunits, that are aligned end to end. Then The protofilaments are pack side by side to form the wall of the microtubule

93
Q

How many protofilament contain each microtubule?

A

Each microtubule contain 13 protofilaments.

94
Q

A protofilament is composed of the assembly of tubulin subunits alpha and beta?

A

True

95
Q

The polarity is the same for all the protofilament?

A

Yes

96
Q

Does each protofilament has a structural polarity?

A

Yes

97
Q

Can we find microtubule in axon?

A

Yes

98
Q

What MAP stands for?

A

Microtubules associated proteins

99
Q

What are the function of MAP?

A

Influence the assembly and stability of microtubules and their association with other cellsstructures

100
Q

Does MAP influence the assembly and stability of microtubules and their association with other cellstructures?

A

Yes

101
Q

Does MAP influence the assembly and stability of microfilaments and their association with other cellstructures?

A

False, sentence true but have to replace microfilaments by microtubules

102
Q

Kinesin, actin and dinein are present in motor proteins of the microtubule?

A

False, just kinesin and dinein

103
Q

Kinesin and dinein are present in motor proteins of the microtubule?

A

True

104
Q

Is kinesin and dinein motor proteins of microtubules involved in the transport of macromolecules and organelles?

A

Yes

105
Q

Is kinesin and dinein motor proteins of microtubules allow the vesicular traffic (ex sinaptic vescicles throught the axon)?

A

True

106
Q

Is kinesin and dinein motor proteins of microfilaments involved in the transport of macromolecules and organelles?

A

False, sentence true but have to replace microfilaments by microtubules

107
Q

Is kinesin and dinein motor proteins of microfilaments allow the vesicular traffic (ex sinaptic vescicles throught the axon)?

A

False, sentence true but have to replace microfilaments by microtubules

108
Q

Between tubulins subunit alpha, beta and gamma which one is part of the dimer?

A

Alpha and beta

109
Q

Can gamma tubulin ring complex (gamma-TURC) directly nucleate microtubule assembly at subcritical tubulin concentrations?

A

Yes

110
Q

Is MAP1A, MAP1B and MAP4 present in neurons?

A

False

111
Q

Is MAP1A,MAP1B, TAU and MAP2 present in Neurons?

A

Yes

112
Q

Where is present MAP2?

A

MAP2 is present in neurons (dendrites)

113
Q

Where is present MAP1A, MAP1B and TAU?

A

Present in neurons (axons and dendrites)

114
Q

What are MAP1A,MAP1B, TAU and MAP2 used for?

A

Proteins that stabilize microtubules

115
Q

Is MAP4 present in neurons?

A

No

116
Q

Is MAP4 a protein that stabilize microtubules?

A

Yes

117
Q

Is MAP4 a protein that stabilize microfilament?

A

False, replace microfilament by microtubule

118
Q

Is gamma subunit of the tubulin involved in the polimerization process?

A

Yes

119
Q

In the microtubule, the end with beta subunit is (+)end or the (-)end when alpha subunit is exposed to the (-)end?

A

(+)end

120
Q

the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 have 1, 2 or 3 domains?

A

2 domains

121
Q

What are the domain of the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4?

A

One binding domain to the tubulin & Projection domain out of the microtubule

122
Q

MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 have a binding domain to the actin?

A

False, replace actin by tubulin

123
Q

MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 have a binding domain to the tubulin?

A

True

124
Q

Do MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 have a projection domain out of the microtubule

A

True

125
Q

What does the binding domain of MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 do?

A

Stabilize the outer wall of the microtubule

Binding domain binds to the negatively charged C-terminal part of tubulin

126
Q

Does the binding domain of the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 binds to the negatively charged C-terminal part of tubulin?

A

True

127
Q

Does the binding domain of the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 stabilize the outer wall of the microtubule?

A

True

128
Q

Does the binding domain of the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 stabilize the outer wall of the microfilament?

A

False, replace microfilament by microtubule

129
Q

Does the binding domain of the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 stabilize the outer wall of the intermediate filament?

A

False, replace intermediate filament by microtubule

130
Q

Does the binding domain of the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 binds to the negatively charged C-terminal part of actin?

A

False, replace actin by tubulin

131
Q

Can MAPs increase the growth rate of microtubules?

A

Yes

132
Q

Can MAPs increase the growth rate of microfilament?

A

False, replace microfilament by microtubule

133
Q

By what the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 are regulated?

A

Regulated by reversible phopshorylation

134
Q

Is it true that the proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, TAU, MAP2 and MAP4 are regulatedby reversible phopshorylation?

A

True

135
Q

What does katanin and Op18 do in the microtubule?

A

Proteins that regulate microtubule disassembly

136
Q

What does katanin and Op18 do in the microfilament?

A

Nothing

137
Q

Can the activity of MAPs be regulated by reversible phosphorylation of their projection domain?

A

Yes

138
Q

Can phosphorylated MAPs are able to bind to microtubules?

A

phosphorylated MAPs are unable to bind to microtubules

139
Q

If phosphorylated MAPs are unable to bind to microtubules what is the consequence?

A

Promoting MT disassembly

140
Q

Which one of this molecule destabilized microtubules?
Tubulin
Protein kinases
Protein flipases

A

Protein kinases

141
Q

Are kinesin and dynein motor proteins powered by ATP?

A

Yes

142
Q 
Where are transported cells, proteins, organelles and other membrane-limited vesicles in the microtubules?
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Mitochondria
Membrane
A

Cytosol

143
Q

What kinesin andynein (motor proteins) do in the microtubules?

A

Responsible of the transport along microtubules

144
Q

What kinesin and dynein (motor proteins) do in the microtubules?
Responsible of the temperature regulation
Responsible of the transport along microtubules
Responsible of the transport along microfilament

A

Responsible of the transport along microtubules

145
Q

Kinesins is composed of:
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains with a neck linker
2 heavy chains and 1 light chains with a neck linker
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains without a neck linker

A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains with a neck linker

146
Q

Does kinesins have gobular head (motor) domain and a tail?

A

Yes

147
Q 
How many subfamilies have kinesins?
   4
   7
   10
   15
A

10 different subfamilies

148
Q

Towards which end does kinesins (of microtubules) go? (+) end or (-) end?

A

Movement is towards the (+) end

149
Q

What does kinesins transport?

A

Organelles

150
Q

During which phase kinesins transport organelles?
Mitosis
Meiosis
Cytosolic vesicles

A

Transport organelles in mitosis, meiosis and cytosolic vesicles

151
Q

Towards which end does dyneins (of microtubules) go? (+) end or (-) end?

A

Movement is towards the (-) end

152
Q

Dyneins is composed of:
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains with a neck linker
2 heavy chains and a variable number of light chains with a neck linker
2 heavy chains and a variable number of light chains

A

2 heavy chains and a variable number of light chains

153
Q

What does the cytosolic dynein do?

A

Cytosolic dynein: vesicle and chromosome transport and transit of golgi vesicles to the centrosome

154
Q

What does axonemal dyneins?

A

Axonemal dyneins in cillia and flagella: axonal retrograde transport, beating of cillia and flagella

155
Q

What is globular head of the kinesin and dynein used for?

A

Kinesin and dynein motor proteins move along microtubules usins their globular heads

156
Q

Which end is close to the centrosome? (+) end or (-) end?

A

The (-) ends are close to the centrosome.

157
Q

It’s alpha-beta tubulin dimers or apha-gamma tubulin dimers or beta-gamma tubulin dimers who associate to form short protofilaments?

A

Alpha- beta tubulin dimers

158
Q

Which microtubules between microtubules with (+) end and microtubules with (-) end associate with GTP-tubulin are stable and can prime polymerization?

A

Only microtubules with (+) ends associate with GTP-tubulin are stable and can prime polymerization

159
Q

What controls the microtubules growth ?

A

GTP hydrolysis

160
Q

Does the end of microtubules polymerize at the same rate?

A

Both ends polymerize at different rates

161
Q

Which end of microtubules as the rate of polymerization faster than the other one? (+) end or (-) end?

A

The rate of polymerization at the (+) is 2-3 times faster than (-) end because these are located in the MTOC

162
Q

Where is located the (-) end of microtubule in animal cell?

A

Located in the MTOC

163
Q

Which one between cilia and flagella present a beating or pendular movement. Sweep materials across tissues?

A

Cilia present a beating or pendular movement. Sweep materials across tissues.

164
Q

Which one between cilia and flagella has and undulatory movement. Propels cells forward?

A

Flagella has and undulatory movement. Propels cells forward.

Cellular Biology (1 decks)

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