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Chemistry 1 > d - Chapter 13 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

d - Chapter 13 Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what does the process of photosynthesis consist of? What is the opposite effect?

A

energy from the sun causes carbon atoms from CO2, and hydrogen and oxygen atoms of H2O to combine to form the carbohydrate, Glucose + oxygen.
Respiration is the opposite effect.

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2
Q

what does the carbon cycle consist of?

A

the combination of photosynthesis and respiration.
energy from the sun is stored in plants by photosynthesis and is made available to us when the carbohydrates in our diets are metabolized

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3
Q

what is the smallest/simplest carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

sugar is an example of what kind of carbohydrate?

A

disaccharides
(two monosaccharides joined together which can be split)

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5
Q

what does a disaccharide need in order to split apart?

A

hydrolysis (water) and an acid or enzyme

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6
Q

what is a polysaccharide made of?

A

many monosaccharide units called a polymer

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7
Q

what does a polysaccharide need in order to split apart?

A

hydrolysis (multiple water) and an acid or enzyme
yields many monosaccharide molecules

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8
Q

what is a monosaccharide made up of?

A

3-8 carbon atoms + an aldehyde or ketone

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9
Q

what is a monosaccharide with three carbon atoms called?

A

triose

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10
Q

what is a monosaccharide with four carbon atoms called?

A

tetrose

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11
Q

what is a six-carbon monosaccharide that is also a ketone called?

A

ketohexose

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12
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13
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14
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19
Q

Name:

A
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20
Q

what is a chiral object?

A

an object that is nonsuperimposable (you CAN tell them apart once reflected)

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21
Q

what is an achiral object

A

an object that is superimposable (you CANNOT tell them apart once reflected)

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22
Q

chiral compounds are also called…?

A

enantiomers

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23
Q

chiral groups need to have a carbon attached to ______ different groups

A

four

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24
Q

if a carbon has three different groups attached to it, it is ______?

A

achiral

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25
Q
A

carbon is connected to four different groups
(a has two methyl groups - achiral)
(c has two methyl groups - achiral)

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26
Q
A

highlighted carbon is connected to four different groups
(a is connected to two methyl groups)
(b is connected to 2 hydrogens)

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27
Q

label whether each are chiral or achiral

A
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28
Q

compounds in medicine such as ibuprofen, penicillin, epinephrine, and morphine are chiral or achiral?

A

chiral

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29
Q

most compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, proteins, and DNA are chiral or achiral?

A

chiral

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30
Q

isomers that have atoms bonded in the same order, but with different arrangements in space are called?

A

stereoisomers

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31
Q

chiral or achiral?

A

achiral

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32
Q

chiral or achiral?

A

chiral

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33
Q
A
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34
Q
A

the centermost carbon

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35
Q

In the Fischer projection, the isomer that has the -OH group drawn to the left of the chiral atom is designated as the ______?

A

L - isomer

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36
Q

In the Fischer projection, the isomer that has the -OH group drawn to the right of the chiral atom is designated as the ______?

A

D - isomer

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37
Q
A
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38
Q

Behaviors of enantiomers of compounds have similar or varied characteristics of each other?

A

varied characteristics
one enantiomer of nicotine is more toxic than the other
one enantiomer of a compound can smell different than the other enantiomer

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39
Q

what is the benefit of producing a drug with only one active enantiomer?

A

lower dosage
enhancing activity
reducing drug interactions
eliminating harmful side effects

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40
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41
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42
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43
Q
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44
Q

which of the chiral carbon atoms in a carbohydrate determine the D or L isomer?

A

the chiral atom farthest from the carbonyl group

45
Q

Draw the Fischer projections for D-Glucose

A
46
Q

Draw the Fischer projections for D-galactose

A
47
Q

Draw the Fischer projections for D-fructose

A
48
Q

what is another name for D-glucose?

A

dextrose

49
Q

what is D-glucose most commonly found in?

A

blood sugar, fruits, veggies, corn syrup and honey

50
Q

what is a monosaccharide that occurs combined with glucose in lactose?

A

D-galactose

51
Q

what monosaccharide provides an important function in the cellular membranes of the brain and nervous system?

A

D-galactose

52
Q

what is the difference between the Fischer projections of D-glucose and D-galactose?

A

the arrangement of the -OH group on carbon 4

53
Q

which of the three most important monosaccharides are a ketohexose?

A

D-fructose

54
Q

Why is D-fructose popular with dieters?

A

it is 2x’s as sweet as sucrose which requires less of it for the same taste

55
Q

what is another name for D-fructose?

A

Levulose and fruit sugar

56
Q

where can you most commonly find D-fructose?

A

fruit juices and honey

57
Q

what does hyperglycemia mean?

A

hyper - above normal
glyc - sugar (gluco)

above normal blood sugar levels (126 mg/dL or higher)

58
Q

what does hypoglycemia mean?

A

hypo - below normal
glyc - sugar (gluco)

below normal blood sugar levels (50 mg/dL or lower)

59
Q

In the Haworth structure of D-glucose, the alpha isomer has the -OH group on carbon 1 above or below the plane of the ring?

A

below the plane of the ring (abajo)

60
Q

In the Haworth structure of D-glucose, the beta isomer has the -OH group on carbon 1 above or below the plane of the ring?

A

above the plane of the ring

61
Q

what happens during mutarotation?

A

each isomer converts from the circle to the open chain and back again
in this process, the -OH on carbon 1 can change to either the alpha or beta isomer

62
Q

draw the Hawthorne structures of a/b D-glucose

A
63
Q

draw the Hawthorn structures of a/b D-galactose

A
64
Q

draw the Hawthorn structures of a/b D-fructose

A
65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q

An aldehyde group with an adjacent hydroxyl can be oxidized to form what using what reagent?

A

carboxylic acid by an oxidizing reagent such as Benedict’s reagent

68
Q

what is a reducing sugar?

A

a carbohydrate with an aldehyde group capable of reducing in Benedict’s reagent

69
Q

what produces a positive on the benedict’s test?

A

any aldehydes and ketones with an adjacent hydroxyl group

70
Q

what does the reduction of the carbonyl group in monosaccharides produce?

A

sugar alchols

71
Q

what are sugar alcohols most commonly found in?

A

sugar-free products, diet drinks, and sugarless gum

72
Q
A
73
Q
A
74
Q
A
75
Q

what is maltose and what does the alpha isomer look like?

A

obtained from starch and found in germinating grains

76
Q

what is maltose commonly used in?

A

cereals, candies, and the brewing of beverages

77
Q

what is a glycosidic bond?

A

connects two monosaccharides by forming bonds with the hydroxyl group of both in the Hawthorne structure of a disaccharide

78
Q

what does an a (1->4) bond indicate?

A

a glycosidic bond between an alpha -OH group on carbon 1 is joined to the -OH group on carbon 4 of the second glucose molecule

79
Q

what monosaccharide combines to form maltose?

A

two D-glucose molecules

80
Q

what monosaccharides combines to form lactose?

A

D-galactose and D-glucose

81
Q

what does a-lactose look like?

A
82
Q

what monosaccharides combine to form sucrose?

A

a-D-glucose and b-D-fructose

83
Q

what does sucrose look like?

A
84
Q

True or false: both the raw and refined forms of sugar are sucrose.

A

True

85
Q
A
86
Q
A
87
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q

what are the four most common polysaccharides?

A

amylose
amylopectin
cellulose
glycogen

90
Q

what makes amylose and amylopectin similar and different?

A

they both have a(1->4) glycosidic bonds
amylopectin differs in that it has a(1->6) glycosidic bonds every 25 glucose units

91
Q

Polysaccharides amylose and amylopectin make up _____

A

starch

92
Q

starches hydrolyze in water and acid to give what?

A

dextrins

93
Q

dextrins hydrolyze into ______ and then ________

A

maltose
glucose

94
Q

what enzyme is found in our saliva to break down carbohydrates?

A

amylase

95
Q

what enzyme is found in our intestine to break down carbohydrates?

A

maltase

96
Q

what is another name for glycogen?

A

animal starch

97
Q

how are amylopectin and glycogen similar? different?

A

they both are joined by a(1->4) -glycosidic bonds, and both have branches occurring at different points of glucose units which are attached by a(1->6) -glycosidic bonds.

98
Q

which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?

A

amylose

99
Q

which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?

A

amylopectin and/or glycogen

100
Q

which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?

A

amylopectin and/or glycogen

101
Q

which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?

A

amylose

102
Q

which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?

A

cellulose

103
Q

which polysaccharide does this most accurately represent?

A

cellulose

104
Q

which polysaccharide can humans not digest but certain animals can such as horses, cows, and goats?

A

cellulose

105
Q
A
106
Q
A
107
Q
A
108
Q
A

Chemistry 1 (15 decks)

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