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Mattias - Endocrine > Deck2 > Flashcards

Deck2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between paracrine and endocrine

A

Endocrine signals ac upon cells far away wheras paracrine act on close by cells

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2
Q

What are the three classes of hormones

A

Glycoproteins and peptides
Steroids
Tyrosine derivatives (Amine)

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3
Q

What class of hormones does adrenaline belong to

A

Tyrosine derivatives (Amines)

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4
Q

Are Amines hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophilic

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5
Q

Are Steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic

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6
Q

What kind of hormone is not stored in its endocrine cell

A

Steroids

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7
Q

Which amine is relatively insoluble in water

A

Thyroxine

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8
Q

What are the benefits of carrier proteins

A

1 - Increase amount of hormone transported in blood

2 - Prevent rapid excretion by preventing filtration in the kidney

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9
Q

Name a few specific carrier proteins

A

Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Sex-steroid-binding globulin (SSBG)
Many more

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10
Q

What carrier protein binds many steroids and Thyroxine

A

Albumin

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11
Q

What carrier protein binds Thyroxine and some steroids

A

Transthyretin

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12
Q

What does the word “tropic” refer to regarding hormones

A

A hormone that acts upon another endocrine gland to regulate its secretion of hormone

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13
Q

What is the main hormone level control called that elicts a sudden burst in secretion

A

Neuroendocrine

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14
Q

What is the daily hormone fluctuation called

A

Diurnal or Circadian

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15
Q

What is the half-life of Steroids and Thyroid hormones and why

A

Hours to days due to extensive protein binding

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16
Q

What are the three types of hormone receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors
Receptor kinases
Nuclear receptors

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17
Q

Classes of hormone nuclear receptors, location and associated ligand

A

Class 1 - Activated by many steroids, present in cytoplasm
Class 2 - Activated by lipids, present in the nucleus
Hybrid class - Activated by Thyroid hormone (T3) and other substances, present in cytoplasm

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18
Q

What enyme does Gs and Gi act on (G protein coupled Receptor G inhibit and G stimulate)

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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19
Q

What reaction does Adenylyl cyclase facilitate

A

ATP –> cAMP

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20
Q

What enyme does cAMP act on

A

Protein kinase A

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21
Q

Examples of hormones acting on the Gs-coupled receptors

A

Adrenaline, Corticotropin releasing hormone, Glucagon

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22
Q

Examples of horones acting on the Gi-protein coupled receptor

A

Melatonin

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23
Q

Examples of hormones acting on the Gq-prtoein coupled receptors

A

Angiotensin 2
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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24
Q

What enzyme does Gq-protein coupled receptor act on

A

Phospholipase C

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25
Q

What reaction does phospholipase facilitate

A

PIP2 –> IP3 +DAG (Diacylglycerol)

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26
Q

What enzyme does Diacylglycerol (DAG) act on

A

Protein kinase C

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27
Q

What is the effect on IP3 (Inositol trispohosphate)

A

Act on IP3-activated membrane channel, when opened, Calcium is allowed in to the cell

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28
Q

Examples of hormones signalling through Receptor kinases

A

Insulin

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29
Q

Simple mechanism of Receptor kinases

A

Ligand bind to receptor and its intracellular part is autophosphorylated, this causes recruitment of adapter proteins which are also phosphorylated causing a cellular effect

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30
Q

What are intracellular receptors often bound to

A

Heat-shock proteins

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31
Q

What happens when a steroid receptor complex moves in to the nucleus (before DNA binding)

A

They form dimers

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32
Q

What cells of which organ exretes insulin

A

Beta-cells of the pancreas

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33
Q

What does alpha-cells of hte pancreas release

A

Glucagon

34
Q

What does the delta-cells of the pancreas secretes

A

Somatostatin

35
Q

What cells secretes pancreatic polypeptides

A

PP cells

36
Q

What is the peptide structure of insulin

A

Two polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds, A chain and B chain

37
Q

What are the two byproducts of preproinsulin–> insulin reaction

A

Signal Peptide

C-peptide

38
Q

By what transporter is glucose transported into beta cells

A

GLUT2 glucose transporter

39
Q

What is the mechanism of insulin release from beta cells

A

Glucose enter beta cells through GLUT2 glucose transporter, glucose breakdown causes an increase of ATP which deactivates ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Stopping the eflux of potassium causes depolarization. Voltage-gated Calcium channels opens due to depolarization. Influx of Calcium causes release of insulin-containing vesicles

40
Q

What are the two subunits of Beta-cells ATP-sensitive Potassium channels

A

An inward rectifier subunit (Kir) pore subunit - Kir 6.1

A sulfonylurea receptor - regulator subunit - SUR1

41
Q

What is the effect on K-ATP channels by ATP

A

Closes them

42
Q

What is the effect of Diazoxide on K-ATP channels in beta cells

A

Keeps it open which inhibits insulin secretion

43
Q

What does MODY stand for in the context of Diabetes

A

Mature-Onset Diabetes of the Young

44
Q

What is Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young

A

Monogenic diabetes with genetic defect in beta cell function. Mutation causing either loss of glucose sensitivity or inability to secrete insulin from beta cells

45
Q

How many types of MODY are there

A

6

46
Q

Whay is it important to distinguish MODY from T1DM

A

MODY can be treated with sulfonylureas

47
Q

What are the two main types of MODY (Genes they affect)

A

Glucokinase (MODY 2)

Hepatocyte nuclear factor (MODY 1,3 and 5)

48
Q

What kind of receptor is the insuline receptor

A

Dimeric Tyrosine kinase

49
Q

How does insulin promote glucose uptake i cells

A

Signaling cascade that ultimately lead to translocation of GLUT4 transporter onto the cell membrane causing glucose uptake

50
Q

What is leptin

A

Protein release by adipose tissue that signals to the brain how thin you are. Lack of Leptin increases apetite

51
Q

What is the only drug in the UK for obesity, what does it do

A

Orlistat, It is a lipase inhibitor blocking uptake of fat from the intestine

52
Q

Three commonest bariatric procedures

A

Adjuastable Gastric band
Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass
Vertical sleeve Gastrectomy

53
Q

What is the Leprechaunism of Donohue syndrome

A

Rare autosomal recessive disease causing a non functional insulin receptor

54
Q

What are the features of Donohue syndrome

A

Growth retardation
Abscence of subcutaneous fat
Decreased muscle mass
Elfin facial apparence

55
Q

What is the RAbson Medenhall syndrome

A

Rare autosomal recessive causing reduced sensitivity of the insulin receptor

56
Q

What are ketone bodies

A

Molecules formed in liver during fatty acid breakdown. During beta-oxidation of Acetyl-CoA

57
Q

What type of Diabetes is Ketoacidosis mostly associated with

A

Type 1 Diabetes

58
Q

What part connects the hypothalmus to the pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

59
Q

What is the Diencephalon

A

The central core of the cerebrum with connections to R and L cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

60
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem. Superior to inferior

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

61
Q

What bone is the pituitary fossa in

A

Sphenoid bone

62
Q

What is the initial effect of a pituitary tumor pressing on the optic chiasm

A

Patient losses temporal visual field

63
Q

What is a hemianopia

A

Loss of vision or blindness in half of the visual field

64
Q

What are the two surgical approaches to the pituitary fossa

A

Transcranial and Transsphenoidal

65
Q

What are the anatomical features that turbinates air in the nasal cavity called

A

Nasal conchae

66
Q

What four bones are there paranasal sinuses in

A

Frontal
Maxillae
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

67
Q

What are paranasal sinuses lined with

A

Mucous=secreting respiratory fmucosa

68
Q

What are paranasal cavity draining through

A

Ostia

69
Q

What paranasal sinus is the most posterior

A

Sphenoid sinuses

70
Q

How many ethmoid cells are there (sinuses

A

6

3 on each side

71
Q

What are the two cartilages the thyroid gland is attached to? Superior to inferior

A

Thyroid, Cricoid

72
Q

At what level of the tracheal cartilages is the isthmus

A

2nd and 3rd

73
Q

Where is the embryological origin of the thyroid gland

A

At the tongue, it then migrates down

74
Q

What are the most superficial anterior neck muscles called, supplied by

A

Platysma muscles

Supplied by cranial nerve 7, the facial nerve

75
Q

What fascia compartment of the neck do the thyroid gland belong to

A

Pretracheal (deep) faschia

76
Q

What cranial nerve give raise to the Right and Left recurrent Laryngeal nerve

A

Vagus nerve

Cranial nerve X

77
Q

What are the strap muscles called

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

78
Q

Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve ascend in height with the thyroid

A

In the Groove between the trachea anteriorally and esophagus posteriorly

79
Q

Normal level of HbA1c

A

41 mmol/L or below

80
Q

Diabetic level of HbA1c

A

48mmol/L or above

81
Q

Fasting glucose in Diabetic and normal

A

Diabetic - 7.0 mmol/L and above

Normal 6.0 mmol/L and below

82
Q

Random glucose in Diabetes

A

11.1 mmol/L or above

Mattias - Endocrine (4 decks)

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