deck_2226027

Question 1

Define “lay belief”

Answer 1

A belief which is constructed by people to understand things that they have no specialised knowledge about

Question 2

How can lay beliefs have an impact?

Answer 2

Impact on health behaviourImpact on illness behaviourImpact on compliance/non-compliance (adherence) with treatment

Question 3

What are the three categories of people who do not comply with treatment?

Answer 3

Deniers – “I don’t have asthma”Distancers – “I don’t have proper asthma”Pragmatists – Only use preventative medication when asthma was bad

Question 4

What are the three perceptions of health?

Answer 4

Negative definition- absence of illness- lower socio-economic groupsFunctional definition- ability to do certain thingsPositive definition- a state of well-being and fitness- higher socio-economic groups

Question 5

What is lay epidemiology?

Answer 5

An understanding of how and why an illness happens- Combination of person, familial and social sources of knowledge- People know fat, unfit, smokers at risk of heart attack”they were a heart attack waiting to happen”

Question 6

Define health behaviour

Answer 6

Activity undertaken for the purpose of maintaining health and preventing illness

Question 7

Define an illness behaviour

Answer 7

Activity of ill person to define illness and seek solution

Question 8

What is the symptom/illness iceberg?

Answer 8

Symptoms that occur but a person does not go to the doctor for- use “lay-care”, over the counter medications etc

Question 9

What is sick role behaviour?

Answer 9

Formal response to symptoms, including seeking professional help.

Question 10

What is the Lay-Referral System?

Answer 10

The chain of advice-seeking contacts which the sick make with other lay people prior to (or instead of) seeking help from health care professionals.

Question 11

What factors are determinants of health and disease?

Answer 11

PovertySocial ExclusionPoor HousingPoor health systems

Question 12

Define primary prevention of illness

Answer 12

Prevents the onset of disease– reduce exposure to risk factors(quit smoking, immunisation)

Question 13

Define secondary prevention of illness

Answer 13

Aims to detect adn treat a disease/risk factors at an early stage. – prevent progression(monitor blood pressure, screening programmes)

Question 14

Define tertiary prevention

Answer 14

Aims to minimise the effects of an established disease (steroids for asthma, renal transplants for renal failure)

Question 15

Define health promotion

Answer 15

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

Question 16

What are the five approaches to health promotion?

Answer 16

Medical or PreventiveBehaviour ChangeEducationalEmpowerment- patient drivenSocial Change- smoking ban

Question 17

Give some dilemmas that occur as a result of health promotion

Answer 17

Ethics of interfering in peoples livesVictim blamingMistaken belief that giving people information gives them the powerReinforcing negative stereotypesUnequal distribution of responsibilityPrevention paradox

Question 18

Describe victim blaming

Answer 18

Focusing on individual behavioural change plays down the wider social determinants of health

Question 19

Describe the “mistaken belief that giving people information gives them the power”

Answer 19

Unhealthy lifestyles are not due to ignorance but due to adverse circumstances and wider socioeconomic determinants of health

Question 20

Describe “unequal distribution of responsibility”

Answer 20

Women tend to be the ones that implement health behaviour– telling family to eat better

Question 21

Describe “prevention paradox”

Answer 21

Interventions that make a difference at population level may not have much effect on the individual

Question 22

Define cadidacy

Answer 22

If people don’t see themselves as a ‘candidate’ for a disease they may not take on board the relevant health promotion messages.

Question 23

Why should evaluations of health promotion take place?

Answer 23

Need evidence based interventionsAccountabilityEthical obligationProgramme management and development

Question 24

How can health promotion be evaluated?

Answer 24

Process evaluationImpact evaluation– assesses immediate effects (most popular choice)Outcomes evaluation– measures long-term consequences

Question 25

Define decay in relation to evaluation

Answer 25

Some interventions wear off rapidly

Question 26

Define delay in relation to evaluation

Answer 26

Some interventions take tome to have an effect

Question 27

Why can evaluation be difficult?

Answer 27

Design of interventionPossible time lag to the effectsPotential intervening or confounding factorsHigh cost of evaluating research, especially as studies are likely to be large and over a long period of time.