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Sociophonetics > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Sociophonetics

A
  • integration of principles of phonetics and sociolinguistics (Foulkes, Scobbie & Watt, 2010)
  • looking at the speaker and the speech
  • demographic characteristics
  • looks at vernacular by recording in the field
  • originally phonetic methods applied to sociolinguistic data
  • now more naturalistic
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2
Q

Variation

A
  • differences in accent and dialect that characterise human speech
  • results from language features and articulators constraints
  • rule governed patterns (Martha’s Vineyard, centralised variant more likely preceding voiceless fricative or stop) or social factors
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3
Q

Lexical sets

A
  • Wells, 1982
  • keywords that represent a class of words
  • STRUT [^] [ ]
  • I tended to be unmistakable
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4
Q

Observer’s Paradox

A
  • people more aware of how they use language
  • want to observe natural, when people are being watched they’re not natural
  • the nature of the experiment is having an effect
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5
Q

Source of variation

A
  • factor that causes speech to be different
    1. Individual
    2. Speech community
    3. Variation over time - within or between individuals
    4. Contact between communities
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6
Q

Level of awareness

A

Indicator - no awareness by speaker
Marker - less aware, still subconscious
Stereotype - shibboleth, very aware e.g. h-dropping
- Martha’s Vineyard first attempt to analyse below stereotype level

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7
Q

Sociolinguistic interview

A
  • developed by Labov to test hypothesis that level of formality affected attention paid to speech
  • also used in Martha’s Vineyard
  • minimal pairs
  • words in isolation
  • passage
  • interview
  • NYC results supported
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8
Q

Accommodation theory

A
  • upwards and downwards convergence and divergence
  • Howard Giles (1973) difference in formality is about who’s being addressed
  • Labov didn’t take into account interlocutors
  • Bell (1984) newsreader style-shifting of word-medial /t/ dependant on audience - standard variant or voiced alveolar tap
  • audience design: addressee, auditor, overhearer, eavesdropper
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9
Q

Speaker design

A
  • presentation of a speaker rather than external factors
  • Sharma (2018) Fared Zakaria, journalist, bidialectal between IndE and AmE
  • Martha’s Vineyard, lowest rate of centralisation amongst those who disliked Vineyard
  • Eckert (2000) jocks and burnouts
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10
Q

Convergence

A
  • moving towards accent commonality
  • Evans and Iverson (2007)
  • Pardo (2006) map task, speakers more similar after one conversation
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11
Q

Stable variable

A
  • no ongoing shift, consistent over years
  • used to indicate status
  • [In] lower status than [Ing]
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12
Q

Change in progress

A
  • shift towards one variant in many varieties
  • monophthongisation if centring diphthongs in British English
  • /s/-retraction
  • vowel fronting cool/nerd in Bucholtz (1999) glottalisation in Mees & Collins (1999) Cardiff
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13
Q

Monophthogization

A
  • change from diphthong vowels to monophthongs

- centring diphthongs in British English e.g. declare

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14
Q

Social class

A
  • measure of social organisation at level of speech community
  • Max Weber, social actions, lifestyle and chances - complex with the possibility of mobility
    Metrics:
  • neighbourhood, Milroy, 1999, Newcastle and Derby
  • school state vs private, Lawson, 2013, Scotland
  • occupation, Baranowski, 2017, Manchester
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15
Q

Overt prestige

A
  • post-vocalic /r/ in NYC (Labov)
  • prestige associated with a variant people are aware of
  • moral evaluations
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16
Q

Covert prestige

A
  • Yod-dropping in Norwich (Trudgill)

- positive evaluation is hidden

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17
Q

The crossover effect

A
  • first observed by Labov in NYC
  • speakers of social class use more tokens of overt prestige variant than speakers of higher social class do
  • found most in monitored speech of LMC/UWC
  • associated with changes in progress
  • LMC evaluated /r/ as positive more than UMC
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18
Q

Principles of gender variation (Labov)

A

Stable sociolinguistic variable - women use standard more than men
Change in progress above level of awareness - women use standard more than men
Change in progress below level of awareness - women use more of incoming variable than men
Results in Gender Paradox
Groupings superficial and don’t reflect individual variation

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19
Q

Gender Paradox

A
  • how can women lead change when they use more of the standard?
  • assumes that it’s the same women
  • also problematic as gender is social identity not just simplex phenomena
20
Q

Social networks

A

Milroy and Gorden (2003)

  • relationships between individuals in the social/geographic space
  • idiosyncratic compared to social class in terms of people and change
  • Dubois & Horvath (1998) women in closed networks favour vernacular
  • Milroys said in Belfast said social networks as important as macro-social categories
  • help understand diffusion of change
21
Q

Communities of Practice

A

Introduced to sociolinguistics by Eckert and McConnell-Ginet

  • mutual engagement
  • shared repertoire
  • jointly negotiated repertoire
  • Bucholtz (1999) less fronting (change) in ‘nerdy’ girls
22
Q

Apparent-time studies

A
  • comparing speech of individuals at different ages at one point in time in a speech community
  • assumes speech doesn’t change over life (Bailey et al, 1991)
  • supported by Critical Period Hypothesis
    e. g. Labov, Martha’s Vineyard
  • synchronic useful as diachronic corpora not always available and real time corpus time consuming to construct
  • but there may be social/demographic changes in community
23
Q

Critical Period Hypotheis

A
  • Lenneberg (1967)
  • language learning easiest pre-puberty
  • hard to acquire in native like way after that
  • decreases brain plasticity
  • but people don’t suddenly lose ability to learn language (Flege, 1995)
24
Q

Trend studies

A
  • compare speech of comparable members at different points in time
  • real time lag allows observation of how changes have progressed
  • Pope (2003) replicates Labov - founds similar patterns with a different rate of change
25
Q

Real-Time Studies

A
  • variation within a community over years
  • Sankoff (2004) case studies from ‘7-up’ 1963-1999 (panel study)
  • change in STRUT but not BATH
  • Harrington (2006) HAPPY-tensing and KIT vowel
  • time consuming and can be issues with drop-outs
26
Q

PRIMIR (Werder & Curtin, 2005)

A
  • infants exploit phonetic and indexical information
  • biases act as filters
  • representational spaces interact: general perceptual space, word form space, phoneme space
27
Q

Idiolect

A
  • the language or speech of an individual
  • can see intra-speaker variation
  • affected by audience, style, topic and interlocutors
28
Q

Attunement

A
  • we tailor our behaviours to the interaction

- addressee as important as speaker

29
Q

Indexical information

A
  • non-linguistic information carried by speech that tells the hearer about the speaker
  • age, gender, regional and social background
  • Eckert argues that speech could be used to index social identity
30
Q

Perception of regional variation

A
  • how we perceive speakers based on regional features
  • Coupland and Bishop (2007) looked at evaluative reactions to 34 varieties of English
    Positive for Queen’s English and own accent
    Negative for Brummie
    Correlation between authoritative and intelligent
  • Campbell-Kibler (2008) (ing) variable saw different evaluations depending on impression of speaker
31
Q

Non-native perception

A
  • judgements largely based on social connotations

- Steve Thorne, non-native speakers gave a variety of responses to Brummie

32
Q

Marked-guise technique

A
  • Lambert (1967)
  • one speaker produces accents but participants believe it’s multiple speakers
  • judgemental differences can only be attributed to accent not speaker traits
  • Purnell, Idsari and Baugh (1999) accent used affected whether a viewing was offered
33
Q

Neurophysiological evidence

A
  • Scharinger, Manahon and Idsari (2011)
  • MEG study on sentence-initial ‘hello’ MMN response to accent change
  • indexical information processed early
  • acoustic information mapped to memory associated with phonetic features and social category
34
Q

The Sociolinguistic Monitor

A

Labov et al (2011) - processing of sociolinguistic information

  • listener response to frequencies of [ing] realisation
  • temporal window: continuous
  • sensitivity: frequencies not tokens
  • response pattern: logarithmic
35
Q

Category assimilation models

A

Best et al. (1988), Fledge (1995)

  • listeners assimilate new sounds into representations base on their own accent
  • L1 & L2 phonetic categories in same space, accent may be the same?
  • but Iverson and Evans (2007) found degree of assimilation to be a poor indicator of vowel producing difficulty in German and Norwegian
36
Q

Exemplar Theory

A
  • listeners store detailed memories of speech produced in different accents
  • Docherty and Foulkes (2014): aggregate meaningful phonetics characteristics, phonetically rich information used in speaking/listening
  • Strand (1999) supports: category boundary chosen based on whether they though speaker was male or female
  • Niedzielski (1999) half told from Detroit, half told from Ontario - what they were told affected how they perceive diphthongs
  • Hay and Drager (2010) - toy presented affected perception of KIT vowel
37
Q

Categorical Perception

A
  • perception changes suddenly at thresholds so perceived as distinct categories e.g. voiced/voiceless plosives
  • identification tasks where one feature is changed
  • McCarthy et al (2014) Sylheti-English sequential bilinguals
  • different VOT boundaries, more significant first time
38
Q

SNR

A

Signal to noise ratio

  • used in perception studies to increase difficulty
  • Adank et al (2009) sentence verification in quiet and noise in 2 accents
39
Q

T-glottaling

A
  • sociophonetic variable in British English varieties
  • Foulkes et al (1999) Tyneside infants
  • Mees & Collins (1999) distribution of glottalisation in Cardiff English
40
Q

BATH broadening

A
  • Sociophonetic variable
  • differentiates North and South
  • Shibboleth
  • Sankoff 7 and up, Evans and Iverson (2007)
41
Q

Rhotic accent

A
  • realisation of orthographic r following a vowel
  • standard American, West Country
  • Labov NYC correlated with class and style
42
Q

Perceptual dialectology

A
  • speakers beliefs and observations used to map boundaries
  • Preston (1989) categorised speakers from most northern to most southern in US
  • demonstrates listener sensitivity
43
Q

Spectogram

A
  • used for acoustic analysis
  • darker trace means more signal intensity
  • frequency x time x amplitude
44
Q

Formants

A
  • horizontal bands of energy at different frequencies relating to vocal tract configuration
  • these determine vowel quality
  • F1 vowel height
  • F2 fronting
45
Q

VOT

A
  • way to quantify voicing

- the interval between the release of a plosive mand the onset of voicing

Sociophonetics (1 decks)

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