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sociology - families & households > demography > Flashcards

demography Flashcards

1
Q

birth rate

A

number of live births per thousand of population per year

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2
Q

fluctuations in births

A

3 baby booms

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3
Q

factors determining birth rate

A

proportion of women who are child bearing
how fertile they are

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4
Q

reasons for decline in birth rate

A

changes in womens position
decline in infant mortality rate
children are an economic liability
child centredness

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4
Q

total fertility rate

A

average number of children women will have during their fertile years

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5
Q

changes in womens positions

A

Legal equality with men
Increase educational opportunities
More women in paid employment
Changes in attitudes
Easier access to divorce
Access to abortion and reliable contraception

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6
Q

Harper (changes in womens position)

A

Education of women is most important reason for long term fall in birth rates
Led to change in mind set among women
Now see other possibilities in life apart from traditional roles

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7
Q

decline in infant mortality rate

A

number of infants who die before their 1st birthday, per 1000 babies born alive, per year

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8
Q

Harper (decline in infant mortality rate)

A

Fall in IMR leads to fall in birth rate
If many infants die, parents have more children to replace them, increasing birth rate
If infants survive, parents will have less

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9
Q

children are an economic liability

A

Until 19th century, children were economic assets to parents because they could be sent to work at an early age
Since late 19th century, children have gradually become economic liability
Laws banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling and raising school leaving age means children have to remain economically dependent on parents for longer
As a result of financial pressures, parents feel less able to or willing to have a large family

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10
Q

child centredness

A

Increasing child centredness means childhood is now socially constructed as a uniquely important period
Encouraged a shift from quantity to quality

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11
Q

death rate

A

number of deaths per 1000 of population per year

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12
Q

reasons for decreased death rate

A

improved nutrition
medical improvements
smoking & diet
public health measures
other social changes

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13
Q

improved nutrition - McKeown

A

Improved nutrition accounted for up to 1/2 reduction in death rates Important in reducing deaths from TB
Increased resistance to infection and survival

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14
Q

medical improvements before 1950s

A

medical improvements played almost no part in reduction of deaths

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15
Q

medical improvements after 1950s

A

improved medial knowledge, techniques and organisations did help to reduce death rates

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16
Q

smoking & diet - Harper

A

Greater fall in deaths in recent decades
21st century, obesity replaced smoking
1/4 adults were obese
Deaths from obesity rates kept low as result of drug therapies

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17
Q

public health measures

A

20th century - more effective central and local government with necessary power to [ass and enforce laws leading to improving in public health

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18
Q

other social changes

A

Decline of dangerous manual occupations
Smaller families reduced rate of transmission of infection
Greater public knowledge of illnesses
Lifestyle changes - reduction in men who smoke
Higher incomes - healthier lifestyle

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19
Q

life expectancy

A

how long on average a person on any given year can expect to live

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20
Q

one reason for lower life expectancy

A

in 1900 was that so many infants and children didn’t survive beyond early years of life

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21
Q

Harper (life expectancy)

A

If trend to greater longevity continues, soon achieve radical longevity with many more centenarians

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22
Q

why do women typically live longer than men

A

gap has narrowed due to changes in employment and lifestyle

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23
Q

who are 3x more likely to die before 65

A

working class men in unskilled or routine jobs

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24
Q

Walker - life expectancy

A

Those living in poorest areas of England die on average 7 years earlier than those in richest areas
Average difference in disability free life expectancy is 17 years

25
Q

average age of UK population is rising

A

1971 - 34.1 years
2013 - 40.3 years
2037 - 42.8

26
Q

ageing of population is caused by 3 factors

A

Increasing life expectancy
Declining infant mortality
Declining fertility

27
Q

effects of ageing population

A

public services
1 person pensioner households
dependency ratio

28
Q

public services

A

Older people consume large proportion of services (eg NHS)
Changes to policies and provision of housing, transport and other services

29
Q

one person pensioner households

A

Number of pensioners living alone has increased - account for 1/8 of all households
Most of these are female - women generally live longer and usually younger than husbands
‘feminisation of later life’ - twice as many women as men over 7

30
Q

dependency ratio

A

Non working old are an economically dependent group who need to be provided for by those of working age
As number of retired people rises, increases dependency ration and burden on working population
Dependency ratio of children too

31
Q

one consequence of ageing population in modern society

A

growth of aegism

32
Q

modern society & old age

A

Ageism is result of structured dependency
Old are largely excluded from paid work, leaving them economically dependent
Identity and status are largely determined by role in production
Life is structured into fixed series of stages
Age becomes important in role allocation, creating fixed life stages and age related identities
Old are then excluded from role in labour force and made dependent and powerless

33
Q

Phillipson - modern society & old age

A

old are no use to capitalism because they’re no longer productive so state is unwilling to support them

34
Q

postmodern society & old age

A

Fixed, orderly stages of life course have broken up, giving individuals greater choice of lifestyle
Consumption becomes key to our identities, so old become market for vast range of body maintenance goods and services
Trends begin to break downs ageist stereotypes found in modern society
2 features of postmodern society undermine old age as stigmatised life cycle

35
Q

2 features of postmodern society undermine old age as stigmatised life cycle:

A

Centrality of media
Emphasis on surface features

36
Q

Hunt - postmodern society & old age

A

we can choose a lifestyle and identity regardless of age

37
Q

class inequality among old

A

Middle class have better occupational pensions and greater savings from higher salaries
Poorer old people have shorter life expectancy and suffer for infirmity

38
Q

gender inequality among old

A

Women’s lower earnings and career breaks as carers mean lower pensioners
Subject to sexist, as well as ageist, stereotyping

39
Q

postmodernists view on inequality among old

A

Postmodernists understate importance of such inequalities. These are related to structure of wider society and play major part in shaping experience of old age

40
Q

policy implications - Hirsch

A

Argues number of important social policies will need to change to tackle new problems posed by ageing population
Main problem - how to finance a longer period of old age
Housing policy may need to change to encourage older people to trade down into smaller accommodation, release wealth to improve standard of living and free up housing
These policy changes require cultural change in attitudes towards old age
Illustrates old age is social construct

41
Q

migration

A

refers to movement of people from place to place

42
Q

immigration definition

A

movement into society

43
Q

emigration definition

A

moving out

44
Q

net migration

A

difference between numbers of immigrants and number of emigrants, expressed as net increase or net decrease

45
Q

immigration cause

A

From 1900 until WW2, largest immigrant group were Irish for economic reasons, followed by eastern and central European jews who were often refugees fleeing persecution and people of British descent from Canada and USA
During 1950s, black immigrants from Caribbean began to arrive in UK, followed during 1960s and 70s by South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

45
Q

immigration consequence

A

more ethically diverse society

45
Q

immigration result

A

greater diversity pattern

46
Q

emigration

A

From mid 16th century until 1980s, UK was almost always net exporter of people
Since 1900, emigrants have gone to USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and south Africa

47
Q

push factors

A

economic recession and unemployment at home

48
Q

pull factors

A

higher wages and better opportunities

49
Q

impact of migration on UK population structure

A

population size
age structure
dependency ratio

50
Q

population size

A

UK population is currently growing as result of immigration:
Net migration is high with more immigrants than emigrants
Natural increase with births exceeding deaths

51
Q

age structure

A

immigration lowers average age of population directly and indirectly:
directly - immigrants are generally younger
indirectly - immigrants are more so produce more babies

52
Q

dependency ratio (migration)

A

immigration has 3 effects
Immigrants are more likely to be of working age, helping to lower dependency ration
Immigrants have more children, increasing ratio. Over time, children will join labour force and help lower ratio
Longer a group settles in the country, closer their fertility rate comes to natural average

53
Q

globalisation

A

idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across natural boundaries

54
Q

several trends of globalisation

A

acceleration
differentiation

55
Q

acceleration

A

Speeding up of rate of migration
Between 2000 and 2013, international migration increased 33% to reach 232 million
86200 people either entered or left UK

56
Q

differentiation

A

Globalisation is increasing diversity of types of migrants
Before 1990s, immigration to UK came from fairly narrow range of former British colonies, which had right to settle and become citizens. Formed small number of stable, geographically concentrated and homogenous ethnic communities
Super diversity - migrants come from much wider range of countries

57
Q

Cohen - 3 types of migrant

A

Citizen - full citizenship rights
Denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcomed by state
Helots - most exploited group, state and employers regard them as reserve army of labour

sociology - families & households (8 decks)

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