Depression

Question 1

behavioural characteristics

Answer 1

reduced activity due to loss of pleasure and interest, weight loss/gain, insomnia and hypersomnia, fatigue/loss of energy

Question 2

emotional characteristics

Answer 2

low mood, worthlessness and excessive/inappropriate guilt, suicidal thoughts

Question 3

cognitive characteristics

Answer 3

lack of concentration which can interfere with their work, focusing on the negatives and recalling unhappy events

Question 4

what is the cognitive behavioural therapy aim?

Answer 4

to teach clients to rethink and challenge their negative and irrational thoughts

Question 5

what does CBT involve?

Answer 5

• therapists and clients can set goals for therapy
• clients records negative thoughts using an ABC form

Question 6

types of irrational thoughts

Answer 6

• overgeneralisation: making sweeping assumptions
• catastrophising: believing the worst scenario will happen
• personalisation: blaming yourself for everything that happens

Question 7

ABC model - Albert Ellis

Answer 7

a: activating event
b: belief, how the event is interpreted
c: consequences

Question 8

musturbatory thinking

Answer 8

the belief that certain assumptions must be true in order for the individual to be happy e.g. “I must be happy in my life or its not worth living”

Question 9

Black and White thinking

Answer 9

if things aren’t completely good then they must be completely bad ‘no grey area’

Question 10

Utopian-ism

Answer 10

the belief life is always meant to be fair

Question 11

what is Beck’s theory of depression (1967)?

Answer 11

faulty info processing causes negative schema which interprets everything as negative bias
- negative self schema’s causes negative thoughts about ourself
- may be caused by childhood events

Question 12

what is the cognitive triad?

Answer 12

negative views about self causes negative views about the world which causes negative views about the future

Question 13

cognitive explanations strengths

Answer 13

• research support (depressed ppts made more logical errors
• useful applications (CBT is most effective)

Question 14

cognitive explanations limitations

Answer 14

• alternative explanations for depressions (low levels of serotonin in people with depression)
• some beliefs may seem irrational but not actually be (depressive realists)

Question 15

what is behavioural activation?

Answer 15

happens when the client completes pleasurable tasks for ‘homework’

Question 16

challenging irrational thoughts (phase 3)

Answer 16

D - disputing irrational beliefs
E - effects of disputing
F - new feelings that have been produced

Question 17

Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy

Answer 17

• challenging irrational beliefs replacing then with rational ones, developed by Ellis
• logical disputing, empirical disputing, pragmatic disputing

Question 18

CBT strengths

Answer 18

• research support for effectiveness (90% success rate for REBT)
• long term usefulness(Babyak et al)

Question 19

CBT limitations

Answer 19

• doesn’t account for individual differences (isn’t suited with stressors who are realistic)
• relies on the competence of the therapist