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NPB 101 > Detailed lectures 19-22 > Flashcards

Detailed lectures 19-22 Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A
  • Serves as pump

- Establishes pressure gradient necessary for blood to flow to tissues

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2
Q

Blood vessels

A
  • Passageways for blood from heart to body and back

- Circle of endothelial cells enclosed in smooth muscle

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3
Q

Types of circulation

A
  • Coronary: Heart
  • Pulmonary: Lungs
  • Systemic: Rest
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4
Q

Blood

A
  • Transport medium

- Transported materials dissolved or suspended

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5
Q

Order of blood flow

A

Heart –> Aorta –> Arteries –> Arterioles –> systemic Capallaries –> Venules –> Veins –> Systemic veins –> Heart –> Pulmonary artery –> Arterioles –> Pulmonary capillaries –> Venules –> Pulmonary vein –> Repeat

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6
Q

Nourishing the heart muscle

A
  • Cardiac muscle cells supplied w/ nutrients via coronary circulation
  • Hear receives supply during diastole (heart contracts during systole)
  • Coronary blood flow varies to keep up with cardiac oxygen needs
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7
Q

Where does blood go at rest?

A
  • Blood constantly reconditioned so composition remains constant
  • Reconditioning organs receive more blood than usual for metabolic needs (digestive system, adjust homeostasis)
  • Brain least tolerant to disrupted supply
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8
Q

Blood distribution during exercise

A
  • Digestive, kidneys, bone decrease

- Skin, heart, skeletal muscle increase

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9
Q

Blood flow

A
  • Flow rate through vessel
  • Volume of blood passing through/unit of time
  • Flow rate = Change in pressure/resistance
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10
Q

Resistance of blood flow

A
  • 8nl/pi(r^4)
  • Viscosity (n)
  • Vessel length (l)
  • Vessel radius (slight change in radius has large effects)
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11
Q

Vascular tree

A
  • Closed system of vessels

- Aorta –> Arteries –> Arterioles –> Capillaries –> Venules –> Veins –> Vena Cava

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12
Q

MAP

A
  • Mean Arterial Pressure
  • Average pressure driving blood forward into tissue throughout cardiac cycle
  • MAP = (Cardiac output)(Total peripheral resistance)
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13
Q

Vessel site of highest resistance

A
  • Arterioles

- Not capillaries since there is an excess.

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14
Q

Arteries

A
  • Rapid transport from heart to organs (large radius, low resistance)
  • Pressure reservoir while heart relaxing
  • Collagen fibers (tensile), elastin fibers (elasticity)
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15
Q

Arterioles and MAP

A
  • Major resistance vessels

- Radius supplying to organs can be adjusted independently (redistribute and regulate pressure)

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16
Q

Mechanisms for arteriolar resistance

A

1) Vasoconstriction: Narrowing vessel. Extrinsic regulator. Vasopressin and angiotensin II are hormonal influences. Increased sympathetic activity. Caused by increase O2, decrease CO2, cold.
2) Vasodilatation: Enlargement in radius of vessel. Extrinsic regulator. Epinephrine is hormonal influence. Decreased sympathetic activity. Caused by decrease O2, increase CO2, heat. Histamines (caused by injury)

17
Q

Receptor subtypes for cardiovascular systems

A
  • Alpha 1: Vasoconstriction activated by noepinephrine and epinephrine
  • Beta 2: Vasodilatation activated by epinephrine
18
Q

Autoregulation

A
  • Some tissues able to keep pressure constant

- Brain arterioles good at autoregulation, skeletal arterioles aren’t

19
Q

NO

A
  • Nitric Oxide

- Gas as signaling molecule

20
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Microcirculation
  • Thin-walled, small radius, extensively branched, no smooth muscle
  • No specialized transporters (except in brain)
  • Diffusion and bulk flow
21
Q

Capillary diffusion

A
  • Passive movement of solute down a concentration gradient

- Rate determined by: Surface area, diffusion distance, concentration, permeability, velocity

22
Q

Vein v artery

A

Vein: Blood back to heart. Pulmanory vein has oxygen!!!
Artery: Blood from heart: Pulmonary artery doesn’t have oxygen!

23
Q

Noepinephrine v epinephrine

A
  • Noepinephrine lacks methyl group
  • Doesn’t bind to beta-2 receptor
  • Alpha 1 takes both (prefers Noepinephrine)
24
Q

Bulk flow in capillaries

A
  • Mass movement of solute and water through pores
  • ## Regulation of extracellular fluid b/w plasma interstitial fluid
25
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • Return excess filtered fluid to heart through thyroid duct
  • Defense
  • Transport of absorbed fat from intestine
  • Return of filtered protein
26
Q

Veins

A
  • Transport blood back to heart
  • Capillaries drink into venules then veins
  • Large radius = little resistance
  • Valves assist blood flow back to heart
27
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A
  • Monitored and regulated
  • Propel blood through vessels
  • Maintain brain perfusion
  • Prevent collapse of arteries
28
Q

Monitoring of MAP

A
  • Done by baroreceptors (pressure sensors)
  • Short term control adjustments: Control output and total peripheral resistance
  • Long term control adjustments: Adjust total blood volume via salt/water balance
29
Q

Blood pressure abnormalities

A
  • Hypertension (high)

- Hypotension (low)

30
Q

Hypertension & Hypotension

A
  • Blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
  • Most common of blood pressure abnormalities
  • Can cause heart failure, spontaneous hemorrhaging, renal failure, retinal damage
  • Hypotension: Pressure below 100/60 mmHg
31
Q

Circulatory shock

A
  • Blood pressure so low adequate flow to tissue can’t be maintained
  • Four types: Hypovolemic, vasogenic, cardiogenic, neurogenic

NPB 101 (6 decks)

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